(a) General. Chemical balances of fuel, intake air, and exhaust may be used to calculate flows, the amount of water in their flows, and the wet concentration of constituents in their flows. With one flow rate of either fuel, intake air, or exhaust, you may use chemical balances to determine the flows of the other two. For example, you may use chemical balances along with either intake air or fuel flow to determine raw exhaust flow.
(b) Procedures that require chemical balances. We require chemical balances when you determine the following:
(1) A value proportional to total work, W when you choose to determine brake-specific emissions as described in Sec. 1065.650(f).
(2) The amount of water in a raw or diluted exhaust flow, xH2Oexh, when you do not measure the amount of water to correct for the amount of water removed by a sampling system. Correct for removed water according to Sec. 1065.659.
(3) The calculated dilution air flow when you do not measure dilution air flow to correct for background emissions as described in Sec. 1065.667(c) and (d).
(c) Chemical balance procedure. The calculations for a chemical balance involve a system of equations that require iteration. We recommend using a computer to solve this system of equations. You must guess the initial values of up to three quantities: The amount of water in the measured flow, xH2Oexh, fraction of dilution air in diluted exhaust, xdil/exh, and the amount of products on a C1 basis per dry mole of dry measured flow, xCcombdry. You may use time-weighted mean values of combustion air humidity and dilution air humidity in the chemical balance; as long as your combustion air and dilution air humidities remain within tolerances of 0.0025 mol/mol of their respective mean values over the test interval. For each emission concentration, x, and amount of water, xH2Oexh, you must determine their completely dry concentrations, xdry and xH2Oexhdry. You must also use your fuel's atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, a, oxygen-to-carbon ratio, b, sulfur-to-carbon ratio, g, and nitrogen-to-carbon ratio, d. You may calculate a, b, g, and d based on measured fuel composition as described in paragraph (d)(1) or (d)(2) of this section, or you may use default values for a given fuel as described in paragraph (d)(3) of this section. Use the following steps to complete a chemical balance:
(1) Convert your measured concentrations such as, xCO2meas, xNOmeas, and xH2Oint, to dry concentrations by dividing them by one minus the amount of water present during their respective measurements; for example: xH2OxCO2meas, xH2OxNOmeas, and xH2Oint. If the amount of water present during a ``wet'' measurement is the same as the unknown amount of water in the exhaust flow, xH2Oexh, iteratively solve for that value in the system of equations. If you measure only total NOX and not NO and NO2 separately, use good engineering judgment to estimate a split in your total NOX concentration between NO and NO2 for the chemical balances. For example, if you measure emissions from a stoichiometric spark-ignition engine, you may assume all NOX is NO. For a compression-ignition engine, you may assume that your molar concentration of NOX, xNOx, is 75% NO and 25% NO2. For NO2 storage aftertreatment systems, you may assume xNOx is 25% NO and 75% NO2. Note that for calculating the mass of NOX emissions, you must use the molar mass of NO2 for the effective molar mass of all NOX species, regardless of the actual NO2 fraction of NOX.
(2) Enter the equations in paragraph (c)(4) of this section into a computer program to iteratively solve for xH2Oexh, xCcombdry, and xdil/exh. Use good engineering judgment to guess initial values for xH2Oexh, xCcombdry, and xdil/exh. We recommend guessing an initial amount of water that is about twice the amount of water in your intake or dilution air. We recommend guessing an initial value of xCcombdry as the sum of your measured CO2, CO, and THC values. We also recommend guessing an initial xdil/exh between 0.75 and 0.95, such as 0.8. Iterate values in the system of equations until the most recently updated guesses are all within 1% of their respective most recently calculated values.
(3) Use the following symbols and subscripts in the equations for this paragraph (c): xdil/exh = amount of dilution gas or excess air per mole of
exhaust.xH2Oexh = amount of H2O in exhaust per mole of
exhaust.xCcombdry = amount of carbon from fuel in the exhaust per
mole of dry exhaust.xH2dry = amount of H2 in exhaust per amount of dry
exhaust.xH2Ogas = water-gas reaction equilibrium coefficient. You may
use 3.5 or calculate your own value using good engineering
judgment.xH2Oexhdry = amount of H2O in exhaust per dry mole
of dry exhaust.xprod/intdry = amount of dry stoichiometric products per dry
mole of intake air.xdil/exhdry = amount of dilution gas and/or excess air per
mole of dry exhaust.xint/exhdry = amount of intake air required to produce actual
combustion products per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust.xraw/exhdry = amount of undiluted exhaust, without excess
air, per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust.xO2int = amount of intake air O2 per mole of
intake air.xCO2intdry = amount of intake air CO2 per mole of
dry intake air. You may use [chi]CO2intdry = 375
[micro]mol/mol, but we recommend measuring the actual
concentration in the intake air.xH2Ointdry = amount of intake air H2O per mole of
dry intake air.xCO2int = amount of intake air CO2 per mole of
intake air.xCO2dil = amount of dilution gas CO2 per mole of
dilution gas.xCO2dildry = amount of dilution gas CO2 per mole
of dry dilution gas. If you use air as diluent, you may use
xCO2dildry = 375 [micro]mol/mol, but we recommend
measuring the actual concentration in the intake air.xH2Odildry = amount of dilution gas H2O per mole
of dry dilution gas.xH2Odil = amount of dilution gas H2O per mole of
dilution gas.x[emission]meas = amount of measured emission in the sample
at the respective gas analyzer.x[emission]dry = amount of emission per dry mole of dry
sample.xH2O[emission]meas = amount of H2O in sample at
emission-detection location. Measure or estimate these values
according to Sec. 1065.145(e)(2).xH2Oint = amount of H2O in the intake air, based
on a humidity measurement of intake air.a = atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being
combusted, weighted by molar consumption.b = atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being
combusted, weighted by molar consumption.g = atomic sulfur-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being
combusted, weighted by molar consumption.d = atomic nitrogen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being
combusted, weighted by molar consumption.
(4) Use the following equations to iteratively solve for xdil/exh, xH2Oexh, and xCcombdry:[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.051 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.052 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.053 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.054 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.055 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.056 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.057 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.058 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.059 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.060 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.061 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.062 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.063 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.064 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.065 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.066 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.067 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR30AP10.068
(5) The following example is a solution for xdil/exh,x, xH2Oexh, and xCcombdry using the equations in paragraph (c)(4) of this section:[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR15SE11.050 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR15SE11.051 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR15SE11.052 a = 1.8b = 0.05g = 0.0003d = 0.0001
(d) Carbon mass fraction and fuel composition. Determine carbon mass fraction of fuel, wc, and fuel composition represented by a, b, g, and d using one of the following methods:
(1) You may calculate wc as described in this paragraph (d)(1) based on measured fuel properties. To do so, you must determine values for a and b in all cases, but you may set g and d to zero if the default value listed in Table 1 of this section is zero. Calculate wc using the following equation:[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28AP14.044 Where: wc = carbon mass fraction of fuel.MC = molar mass of carbon.a = atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being
combusted, weighted by molar consumption.MH = molar mass of hydrogen.b = atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being
combusted, weighted by molar consumption.MO = molar mass of oxygen.g = atomic sulfur-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being
combusted, weighted by molar consumption.MS = molar mass of sulfur.d = atomic nitrogen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) being
combusted, weighted by molar consumption.MN = molar mass of nitrogen. [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28AP14.045
(2) Determine a fuel's elemental mass fractions and values for a, b, g, and d as follows:
(i) For gaseous fuels, use the default values for a, b, g, and d in Table 1 of this section or use good engineering judgment to determine those values based on measurement.
(ii) Determine mass fractions of liquid fuels as follows:
(A) You may determine the carbon and hydrogen mass fractions according to ASTM D5291 (incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010). When using ASTM D5291 to determine carbon and hydrogen mass fractions of gasoline (with or without blended ethanol), use good engineering judgment to adapt the method as appropriate.
(B) Determine oxygen mass fraction of gasoline (with or without blended ethanol) according to ASTM D5599 (incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010). For all other liquid fuels, determine the oxygen mass fraction using good engineering judgment.
(C) Determine the nitrogen mass fraction according to ASTM D4629 or ASTM D5762 (incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010) for all liquid fuels. Select the correct method based on the expected nitrogen content.
(D) Determine the sulfur mass fraction according to subpart H of this part.
(iii) For liquid fuels, use the default values for a, b, g, and d in Table 1 of this section, or you may determine the value for any of these parameters based on measurement. Calculate these values using the following equations:[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28AP14.046 Where: wC = carbon mass fraction of fuel.wH = hydrogen mass fraction of fuel.wO = oxygen mass fraction of fuel.wS = sulfur mass fraction of fuel.wN = nitrogen mass fraction of fuel. [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28AP14.047 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28AP14.048
Table 1 of Sec. 1065.655--Default Values of a, b, g, d, and wc, for Various Fuels----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Atomic hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen-to- Carbon mass
Fuel carbon ratios CH[alpha]O[beta]S[gamma]N[delta] fraction, wc g/g----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Gasoline.................................... CH1.85O0S0N0.................................... 0.866E10 Gasoline................................ CH1.92O0.03S0N0................................. 0.833E15 Gasoline................................ CH1.95O0.05S0N0................................. 0.817E85 Gasoline................................ CH2.73O0.38S0N0................................. 0.5761 Diesel................................... CH1.93O0S0N0.................................... 0.8612 Diesel................................... CH1.80O0S0N0.................................... 0.869Liquefied petroleum gas..................... CH2.64O0S0N0.................................... 0.819Natural gas................................. CH3.78 O0.016S0N0............................... 0.747E100 Ethanol................................ CH3O0.5S0N0..................................... 0.521M100 Methanol............................... CH4O1S0N0....................................... 0.375
-------------------------------------------------------------------Residual fuel blends........................ Must be determined by measured fuel properties as described in
paragraph (d)(1) of this section.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(e) Calculated raw exhaust molar flow rate from measured intake air molar flow rate or fuel mass flow rate. You may calculate the raw exhaust molar flow rate from which you sampled emissions, nexh, based on the measured intake air molar flow rate, nint, or the measured fuel mass flow rate, mfuel, and the values calculated using the chemical balance in paragraph (c) of this section. The chemical balance must be based on raw exhaust gas concentrations. Solve for the chemical balance in paragraph (c) of this section at the same frequency that you update and record or nint or mfuel. For laboratory tests, calculating raw exhaust molar flow rate using measured fuel mass flow rate is valid only for steady-state testing. See Sec. 1065.915(d)(5)(iv) for application to field testing.
(1) Crankcase flow rate. If engines are not subject to crankcase controls under the standard-setting part, you may calculate raw exhaust flow based on nint or mfuel using one of the following:
(i) You may measure flow rate through the crankcase vent and subtract it from the calculated exhaust flow.
(ii) You may estimate flow rate through the crankcase vent by engineering analysis as long as the uncertainty in your calculation does not adversely affect your ability to show that your engines comply with applicable emission standards.
(iii) You may assume your crankcase vent flow rate is zero.
(2) Intake air molar flow rate calculation. Calculate nexh based on nint using the following equation:[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28AP14.049 Where: nexh = raw exhaust molar flow rate from which you measured
emissions.nint = intake air molar flow rate including humidity in
intake air.
Example: nint = 3.780 mol/sxint/exhdry = 0.69021 mol/molxraw/exhdry = 1.10764 mol/molxH20exhdry = 107.64 mmol/mol = 0.10764 mol/mol [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28AP14.050 Where: nexh = raw exhaust molar flow rate from which you measured
emissions.mfuel = fuel mass flow rate. Example: mfuel = 7.559 g/swc = 0.869 g/gMC = 12.0107 g/molxCcombdry = 99.87 mmol/mol = 0.09987 mol/molxH20exhdry = 107.64 mmol/mol = 0.10764 mol/mol[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28AP14.051 nexh = 6.066 mol/s
(f) Calculated raw exhaust molar flow rate from measured intake air molar flow rate, dilute exhaust molar flow rate, and dilute chemical balance. You may calculate the raw exhaust molar flow rate, nexh, based on the measured intake air molar flow rate, nint, the measured dilute exhaust molar flow rate, ndexh, and the values calculated using the chemical balance in paragraph (c) of this section. Note that the chemical balance must be based on dilute exhaust gas concentrations. For continuous-flow calculations, solve for the chemical balance in paragraph (c) of this section at the same frequency that you update and record nint and ndexh. This calculated nexh may be used for the PM dilution ratio verification in Sec. 1065.546; the calculation of dilution air molar flow rate in the background correction in Sec. 1065.667; and the calculation of mass of emissions in Sec. 1065.650(c) for species that are measured in the raw exhaust.
(1) Crankcase flow rate. If engines are not subject to crankcase controls under the standard-setting part, calculate raw exhaust flow as described in paragraph (e)(1) of this section.
(2) Dilute exhaust and intake air molar flow rate calculation. Calculate nexh as follows: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR28AP14.052 Example: nint = 7.930 mol/sxraw/exhdry = 0.1544 mol/molxint/exhdry = 0.1451 mol/molxH20/exh = 32.46 mmol/mol = 0.03246 mol/molndexh = 49.02 mol/snexh = (0.1544 - 0.1451) [middot] (1 - 0.03246) [middot]
49.02 + 7.930 = 0.4411 + 7.930 = 8.371 mol/s [73 FR 37331, June 30, 2008, as amended at 73 FR 59334, Oct. 8, 2008; 75 FR 23051, Apr. 30, 2010; 76 FR 57458, Sept. 15, 2011; 79 FR 23799, Apr. 28, 2014]