(a) In general--(1) Arbitrage bonds. Section 103(d)(1) provides that any arbitrage bond (as such term is defined in section 103(d)(2)) shall be treated as an obligation not described in section 103(a)(1). Thus, the interest on an obligation which would have been excluded from gross income pursuant to the provisions of section 103(a)(1) will be included in gross income and subject to Federal income taxation if such obligation is an arbitrage bond. Under section 103(d)(2), an obligation is an arbitrage bond if it is issued by a governmental unit as part of an issue of obligations (for purposes of this section referred to as ``governmental obligations'') all or a major portion of the proceeds of which are (i) reasonably expected to be used directly or indirectly to acquire certain obligations or securities (for purposes of this section referred to as ``acquired obligations'') which may reasonably be expected, at the time of issuance of such governmental obligations, to produce a yield over the term of the issue of such governmental obligations which is materially higher (taking into account any discount or premium) than the yield on such issue, or (ii) reasonably expected to be used to replace funds which were used directly or indirectly to acquire such acquired obligations. For rules as to industrial development bonds, see section 103(c).
(1) Arbitrage bonds. Section 103(d)(1) provides that any arbitrage bond (as such term is defined in section 103(d)(2)) shall be treated as an obligation not described in section 103(a)(1). Thus, the interest on an obligation which would have been excluded from gross income pursuant to the provisions of section 103(a)(1) will be included in gross income and subject to Federal income taxation if such obligation is an arbitrage bond. Under section 103(d)(2), an obligation is an arbitrage bond if it is issued by a governmental unit as part of an issue of obligations (for purposes of this section referred to as ``governmental obligations'') all or a major portion of the proceeds of which are (i) reasonably expected to be used directly or indirectly to acquire certain obligations or securities (for purposes of this section referred to as ``acquired obligations'') which may reasonably be expected, at the time of issuance of such governmental obligations, to produce a yield over the term of the issue of such governmental obligations which is materially higher (taking into account any discount or premium) than the yield on such issue, or (ii) reasonably expected to be used to replace funds which were used directly or indirectly to acquire such acquired obligations. For rules as to industrial development bonds, see section 103(c).
(2) Definitions. (i) For purposes of this section, the term ``governmental unit'' means a State, the District of Columbia, a Territory, or a possession of the United States, or any political subdivision of any of the foregoing.
(i) For purposes of this section, the term ``governmental unit'' means a State, the District of Columbia, a Territory, or a possession of the United States, or any political subdivision of any of the foregoing.
(ii) For purposes of this section, the term ``securities'' has the same meaning as in section 165(g)(2) (A) and (B).
(3) Materially higher. For purposes of this section, the yield produced by acquired obligations is not ``materially higher'' than the yield produced by an issue of governmental obligations if it is reasonably expected, at the time of issue of such governmental obligations, that the adjusted yield (computed in accordance with subparagraphs (4) and (5) of this paragraph) to be produced by the acquired obligations will not exceed the adjusted yield (computed in accordance with subparagraphs (4) and (5) of this paragraph) to be produced by the issue of governmental obligations by more than one-eighth of 1 percentage point. In the case of an issue of governmental obligations issued on or before July 1, 1972, the percentage specified in the preceding sentence shall be one-half of 1 percentage point.
(4) Yield. (i) For purposes of this section, ``yield'' shall be computed using the ``interest cost per annum'' method in accordance with subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph (as the case may be) or any other method satisfactory to the Commissioner which is consistent with generally accepted principles of computing yield. In the case of acquired obligations, the yield to be produced by such obligations shall be computed as if all acquired obligations comprised a single issue of obligations. Thus, for example, if the governmental unit acquires two blocks of Federal obligations, with different interest rates and maturity periods for each block, the yield on such acquired obligations shall be computed as if one issue of obligations with different interest rates and maturity periods had been acquired. The maturity period of each acquired obligation shall be the period that the governmental unit reasonably expects to hold such obligation.
(i) For purposes of this section, ``yield'' shall be computed using the ``interest cost per annum'' method in accordance with subdivision (ii) or (iii) of this subparagraph (as the case may be) or any other method satisfactory to the Commissioner which is consistent with generally accepted principles of computing yield. In the case of acquired obligations, the yield to be produced by such obligations shall be computed as if all acquired obligations comprised a single issue of obligations. Thus, for example, if the governmental unit acquires two blocks of Federal obligations, with different interest rates and maturity periods for each block, the yield on such acquired obligations shall be computed as if one issue of obligations with different interest rates and maturity periods had been acquired. The maturity period of each acquired obligation shall be the period that the governmental unit reasonably expects to hold such obligation.
(ii) If all the governmental or acquired obligations of an issue have a single interest rate (expressed in dollars per $1,000 of face amount of bonds), yield shall be computed using the following 4 steps:
(a) Step (1). Compute the total number of bond years for the issue by multiplying the number of bonds (treating each $1,000 of face value as one bond for purposes of this computation) of each maturity by the length of the maturity period (expressed in years and fractions thereof) and then adding together the amounts determined for each maturity period.
(b) Step (2). Compute the total interest payable on the issue by multiplying the total number of bond years (as computed in step (1)) by the amount payable, expressed in dollars, as interest on each $1,000 of bonds for 1 year.
(c) Step (3). Compute the net interest in dollars for the issue by adding the amount, in dollars, of any discount to, or by subtracting the amount, in dollars, of any premium from, the total interest payable on the issue.
(d) Step (4). Compute yield by dividing the net interest by the product obtained by multiplying the total number of bond years for the issue by 10.
(iii) If governmental or acquired obligations of an issue have different interest rates (expressed in dollars per $1,000 of face amount of bonds), yield shall be computed using the following 4 steps:
(a) Step (1). Compute the total number of bond years for each group of bonds bearing the same interest rate (treating each $1,000 of face value as one bond for purposes of this computation) in the manner described in step 1 of subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph.
(b) Step (2). Compute the total interest payable on the issue by multiplying the total number of bond years for each group of bonds bearing the same interest rate (as computed in step (1)) by the amount payable, expressed in dollars, as interest on each $1,000 of bonds for 1 year, and then adding together the amounts determined for each group.
(c) Step (3). Compute net interest in the manner described in step (3) of subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph.
(d) Step (4). Compute the yield produced by the issue in the manner described in step (4) of subdivision (ii) of this subparagraph.
(iv) For purposes of this section, the same method of computing yield shall be used to compute the yield to be produced by an issue of governmental obligations and to compute the yield to be produced by acquired obligations acquired with the proceeds of such issue of governmental obligations.
(v) The following example illustrates the provisions of this subparagraph:
Example. Assume an issue of $200,000 ($1,000 per bond) with a stated interest (expressed in dollars per bond) of $50 on bonds maturing in 1, 2, or 3 years, a stated interest of $60 on bonds maturing in 4, 5, 6, or 7 years and a stated interest of $70 on bonds maturing in 8, 9, or 10 years. Assume also that a price of $101 has been bid for the issue. The yield on the issue is determined in accordance with the table below: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total
bond
Amount Rate Years to Bond years at x Interest = Interest
maturity years interest rate cost
rate----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$10,000 $50 1
5,000 50 2
25,000 50 3
--------
........ ..... ......... ...... 95 .. ......... .. $4,750
10,000 60 4 40
10,000 60 5 50
30,000 60 6 180
50,000 60 7 350
--------
........ ..... ......... ...... 620 .. ......... .. 37,200
20,000 70 8 160
25,000 70 9 225
15,000 70 10 150
------------------------------------
........ ..... ......... ...... 535 .. 70 .. 37,450
----------- ----------Totals............................. 200,000 ..... ......... ...... 1,250 .. ......... .. 79,400
---------- =========== ==========Less premium......................................................................................... 2,000
-----------Net interest cost.................................................................................... 77,400Divide by: Product of total bond years (1,250), multiplied by 10..................................... 12,500
-----------Yield (Percent)...................................................................................... 6,192----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(5) Adjusted yield. (i) For purposes of this section, ``adjusted yield'' shall be computed in accordance with subparagraph (4) of this paragraph, except that in the case of--
(a) Acquired obligations, an amount equal to the sum of the administrative costs reasonably expected to be incurred in purchasing, carrying, and selling or redeeming such obligations shall be treated as a premium on the purchase price of such acquired obligations.
(b) An issue of governmental obligations, an amount equal to the sum of the reasonably expected administrative costs of issuing, carrying, and repaying such issue of obligations shall be treated as a discount on the selling price of such issue of governmental obligations.
(ii) The provisions of subdivision (i) of this subparagraph may be illustrated by the following examples:
Example (1). State Z issues $15 million of obligations all of which will mature in 10 years. The obligations are sold at $1,000 each (par) to yield 6 percent interest. The adjusted yield produced by such issue of obligations will be determined as follows, assuming the following administrative expenses of issuing, carrying, and repaying such issue of obligations are reasonably expected: Issuing costs:
Printing........................................ $12,500
Financial advisors.............................. 25,000
Counsel fees.................................... 12,500
Total.................................................... $50,000Carrying costs, paying agent and trustees fees.............. 10,000Repaying costs, paying agent................................ 3,000
-----------
Total administrative costs............................... 63,000
-----------Bond years (15,000x10 years)................................ 150,000Interest cost per $1,000 bond per year...................... 60
-----------
Total interest cost...................................... 9,000,000
Discount or premium....................................... 0
Plus adjustments.......................................... 63,000
-----------
Net interest cost......................................... 9,063,000
Divide by product of bond years (150,000) multiplied by 10 1,500,000
-----------
Adjusted yield............................................ 6.042%
Example (2). State Z uses the net proceeds of the issue of obligations described in Example (1) to acquire $14,922,000 of student's notes at par of $1,000 each under a student loan program. The students' notes will all mature in 10 years, and all have a stated interest of 7\1/2\ percent. Expenses of the program including printing of forms ($5,000), financial advisors' fees ($11,000), counsel fees ($12,000), trustees' fees ($5,000), fees for the collecting agents and various banks which administer the loans ($100,000), advertising expenses ($10,000), credit reference checks ($20,000), and general office overhead ($5,000). Of the expenses listed in the preceding sentence, only those indicated on the following table constitute adjustments to yield in order to determine the adjusted yield to be produced by the students' notes: Purchasing costs:
Printing forms.................................. $5,000
Financial advisors.............................. 11,000
Counsel fees.................................... 12,000
----------
Total.................................................... $28,000Carrying costs, trustees fees............................... 5,000
-----------
Total administrative costs............................... 33,000
-----------Bond years (14,922x10 years)................................ 149,220Interest receivable per $1,000 note per year................ 75
-----------
Total interest receivable................................ 11,191,500
Discount or premium....................................... 0
Minus adjustments......................................... 33,000
-----------
Net interest receivable................................... 11,158,500
Divide by product of bond years (149,220) multiplied by 10 1,492,200
-----------
Adjusted yield............................................ 7.478%
(b) Rule with respect to certain governmental programs--(1) General rule. Subject to the limitations of subparagraph (3) of this paragraph, any obligations which are part of an issue of governmental obligations the proceeds of which are reasonably expected to be used to finance certain governmental programs (described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph) are not arbitrage obligations.
(1) General rule. Subject to the limitations of subparagraph (3) of this paragraph, any obligations which are part of an issue of governmental obligations the proceeds of which are reasonably expected to be used to finance certain governmental programs (described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph) are not arbitrage obligations.
(2) Governmental programs. A governmental program is described in this subparagraph if--
(i) The program involves the acquisition of acquired purpose obligations to carry out the purposes of such program (which obligations, for purposes of this paragraph, are referred to as ``acquired program obligations'');
(ii) At least 90 percent of all such acquired program obligations, by amount of cost outstanding, are evidences of loans to a substantial number of persons representing the general public, loans to exempt persons within the meaning of section 103(c)(3), or loans to provide housing and related facilities, or any combination of the foregoing;
(iii) At least 90 percent of all of the amounts received by the governmental unit with respect to acquired program obligations shall be used for one or more of the following purposes: To pay the principal or interest or otherwise to service the debt on governmental obligations relating to the governmental program; to reimburse the governmental unit, or to pay, for administrative costs of issuing such governmental obligations; to reimburse the governmental unit, or to pay, for administrative and other costs and anticipated future losses directly related to the program financed by such governmental obligations; to make additional loans for the same general purposes specified in such programs; or to redeem and retire governmental obligations at the next earliest possible date of redemption; and
(iv) Requires that any person (or any related person, as defined in section 103(c)(6)(C)) from whom the governmental unit may, under the program, acquire acquired program obligations shall not, pursuant to an arrangement, formal or informal, purchase the governmental obligations in an acquired program obligations to be acquired from such person by the governmental unit.
(3) Limitation. The provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall apply only if it is reasonably expected that--
(i) A major portion of the proceeds of such issue of governmental obligations, including proceeds represented by repayments of principal and interest received by the governmental unit with respect to acquired program obligations, shall not be invested for more than a temporary period (within the meaning of section 103(d)(4)(A)), in acquired obligations (other than acquired program obligations) which produce a materially higher yield than the yield produced over the term of the issue by such governmental obligations, and
(ii)(a) The adjusted yield (computed in accordance with paragraphs (a) (4) and (5) of this section) to be produced by acquired program obligations shall not exceed the adjusted yield (computed in accordance with paragraphs (a) (4) and (5) of this section) to be produced by such issue of governmental obligations by more than 1\1/2\ percentage points, or
(b) Where the difference in the adjusted yields described in subdivision (ii)(a) of this subparagraph is expected to exceed 1\1/2\ percentage points, the amounts to be obtained as a result of the difference in such adjusted yields shall not exceed the amount necessary to pay expenses (including losses resulting from bad debts) reasonably expected to be incurred as a direct result of administering the program to be financed with the proceeds of such issue of governmental obligations, to the extent that such amounts are not payable with funds appropriated from other sources.
(4) Examples. The following examples illustrate governmental programs described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph:
Example (1). State A issues obligations the proceeds of which are to be used to purchase certain home mortgage notes from commercial banks. The purpose of the governmental program is to encourage the construction of low income residential housing by creating a secondary market for mortgage notes and thereby increasing the availability of mortgage money for low income housing. The legislation provides that the adjusted yield produced by the mortgage notes to be acquired will not exceed the adjusted yield produced by such issue of obligations by more than 1\1/2\ percentage points. Amounts received as interest and principal payments on the mortgage notes are to be used for one or more of the following purposes: (1) To service the debt on the governmental obligations, (2) to retire such obligations at their earliest possible date of redemption, (3) to purchase additional mortgage notes. The governmental program is one which is described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph and the governmental obligations are not arbitrage bonds.
Example (2). State B issues obligations the proceeds of which are to be used to make loans directly to students and to purchase from commercial banks promissory notes made by students as the result of loans made to them by such banks. The legislation authorizing the student loan program provides that the purpose of the program is to enable financially disadvantaged students to continue their studies. The legislation also provides that purchases will be made from banks only where such banks agree that an amount at least equal to the purchase price will be devoted to new or additional student loans. It is reasonably expected that the difference in adjusted yields between the issue of governmental obligations by State B and the students' notes will be 1\3/4\ percentage points. It is also reasonably expected that the amount necessary to pay the expenses (other than expenses taken into account in computing adjusted yield) enumerated in subparagraph (3)(ii)(b) of this paragraph, directly incurred as a result of administering State B's student loan program, such as, for example, losses resulting from bad debts, insurance costs, bookkeeping expenses, advertising expenses, credit reference checks, appraisals, title searches, general office overhead, service fees for collecting agents and various banks which administer the loans, and salaries of employees not paid from other sources, will not require a difference in adjusted yields in excess of 1\1/2\ percentage points. The governmental program is one which is described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph. Since, however, the difference in adjusted yields produced by the students' notes and the issue of State B obligations is reasonably expected to exceed 1\1/2\ percentage points, and since State B cannot show that 1\3/4\ percentage points is necessary to cover such expenses, the provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph shall not apply to the issue of State B obligations. If, however, State B reasonably expected that 1\3/4\ percentage points would be necessary to cover such expenses, the provisions of subparagraph (1) of this paragraph would apply and the governmental obligations would not be arbitrage bonds.
Example (3). Authority C issues obligations the proceeds of which are to be used to purchase land to be sold to veterans. The governmental unit will receive purchase-money mortgage notes secured by mortgages on the land from the veterans in return for such land. The purpose of the program is to enable veterans to acquire land at reduced cost. The adjusted yield produced by the mortgage notes is not reasonably expected to exceed the adjusted yield produced by the issue of obligations issued by Authority C by more than 1\1/2\ percentage points. Amounts received as interest and principal payments on the mortgage notes are to be used for one or more of the following purposes: (1) To pay the administrative costs directly related to the program, (2) to service the debt on the governmental obligations, (3) to retire such governmental obligations at their earliest possible call date, (4) to purchase additional land to be sold to veterans. The governmental program is one which is described in subparagraph (2) of this paragraph and the governmental obligations are not arbitrage bonds.
(c) Effective date. The provisions of this section will apply with respect to obligations issued after October 9, 1969, and before final regulations are promulgated. [T.D. 7072, 35 FR 17406, Nov. 13, 1970; 35 FR 18524, Dec. 5, 1970, as amended by T.D. 7174, 37 FR 10932, June 1, 1972; T.D. 7273, 38 FR 10927, May 3, 1973] Sec. Sec. 13.5-13.9 [Reserved]