(a) No tank barge cleaning operation using a vapor control system (VCS) may be conducted unless the facility operator has a copy of the facility operations manual, with the VCS addendum, marked by the local Coast Guard Captain of the Port (COTP) as required by 33 CFR 154.325(d).
(b) The facility person in charge must ensure that a facility can receive vapors only from a barge with a VCS that has been approved by the Coast Guard Marine Safety Center as meeting the requirements of 46 CFR 39.6000.
(c) The facility person in charge must ensure that safety system tests are conducted as follows:
(1) Pressure sensors, alarms, and automatic shutdown systems required by 33 CFR 154.2203, except as exempted by paragraph (c)(2) or as specified by paragraph (c)(3) of this section, must be tested by applying altering test pressures at the sensors not more than 24 hours before each cleaning operation;
(2) The pressure sensors required by 33 CFR 154.2203 may meet the test program in accordance with 33 CFR 154.2180 and 33 CFR 154.2181 instead of the test within 24 hours before each cleaning operation as required by paragraph (c)(1) of this section;
(3) Visible and audible alarm indicators must be tested not more than 24 hours before each cleaning operation;
(4) The analyzers, except for flammability analyzers, required by 33 CFR 154.2105(j) and 154.2107, except as exempted by paragraph (c)(5) of this section, must be checked for calibration response by use of a zero gas and a span gas not more than 24 hours before each cleaning operation;
(5) The analyzers required by 33 CFR 154.2105(j) and 154.2107 may be checked for calibration response by use of a zero gas and a span gas as defined by the test program contained in 33 CFR 154.2180 and 33 CFR 154.2181, and comply with the minimum requirements as defined in 33 CFR 154.2180 and 33 CFR 154.2181, instead of as provided by paragraph (c)(4) of this section; and
(6) The vacuum and pressure relief valves required by 33 CFR 154.2203 must be manually checked per manufacturers' instructions to verify that the valves unseat easily and then reset to the closed position without constraint. Any required flame screens or flame arresters must also be visually checked to ensure that they are not damaged.
(d) The facility person in charge must verify the following before beginning cleaning operations:
(1) Each valve in the vapor collection system between the barge's cargo tank and the facility vapor collection system is correctly positioned to allow the collection of vapors;
(2) A vapor collection hose or arm is connected to the barge's vapor collection system;
(3) The electrical insulating devices required by 33 CFR 154.2101(g) and 154.2203(m) are installed;
(4) The maximum allowable gas-freeing rate as determined by the lesser of the following:
(i) A gas-freeing rate corresponding to the maximum vapor processing rate for the tank barge cleaning facility's (TBCF's) VCS, as specified in the facility operations manual; or
(ii) The barge's maximum gas-freeing rate determined in accordance with 46 CFR 39.6007(c);
(5) The gas-freeing rate will not exceed the maximum allowable gas-freeing rate as determined in paragraph (d)(4) of this section;
(6) The maximum allowable stripping rate is determined and does not exceed the volumetric capacity of the barge's vacuum relief valve at the valve's setpoint for the cargo tank being stripped;
(7) The barge's maximum and minimum operating pressures;
(8) Each vapor collection hose has no unrepaired or loose covers, kinks, bulges, soft spots, or any other defects that would permit the discharge of vapor through the hose material; and no external gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the first layer of hose reinforcement;
(9) The freezing point of each cargo. If there is a possibility that the ambient air temperature during cleaning operations will be at or below the freezing point of the cargo, adequate precautions have been taken to prevent freezing of vapor or condensate, or to detect and remove the frozen liquid and condensate to prevent accumulation; and
(10) The cargo vapor is evaluated for the potential to polymerize, and adequate precautions have been taken to prevent and detect polymerization of the cargo vapors.
(e) VCS equipment and instrumentation must be tested in compliance with 33 CFR 156.170(g) or (i), with the COTP or designated representative invited to observe these tests. The test procedure and a checklist must be approved by the certifying entity during the initial certification of the system and incorporated into the facility operations manual.
(f) If one or more analyzers required by 33 CFR 154.2107(d) or (e) become inoperable during gas-freeing operations, the operation may continue, provided that at least one analyzer remains operational; however, no further gas-freeing operations may be started until all inoperable analyzers are repaired or replaced.
(g) Whenever a condition results in a shutdown of the VCS, the cleaning operations must be immediately terminated. The operation may not resume until the cause of the shutdown has been investigated and corrective action taken.
(h) If it is suspected that a flare in the VCS has had a flashback, or if a flame is detected on a detonation arrester required by 33 CFR 154.2109(c)(2), the cleaning operation must be stopped and may not resume until the detonation arrester and any quick-closing stop valves downstream of the detonation arrester have been inspected and found to be in satisfactory condition.
(i) If a vacuum displacement system is used for gas-freeing, the facility person in charge of the cleaning operation must verify the following items:
(1) The minimum amount of open area for air flow on the barge has been determined so that the pressure in the cargo tank cannot be less than 14.5 pounds per square inch absolute (psia) (-0.2 pounds per square inch gauge (psig)) at the maximum flow capacity of the vapor-moving device;
(2) Any hatch or fitting providing the minimum open area has been secured open so that accidental closure is not possible; and
(3) The hatch and/or fitting must be opened before the pressure in the cargo tank falls below 10 percent of the highest setting of any of the barge's vacuum relief valves.
(j) 33 CFR 154.2150(p) and (q) apply to a TBCF's VCS.
Sec. Appendix A to Part 154--Guidelines for Detonation Flame Arresters
This appendix contains the draft ASTM standard for detonation flame arresters. Devices meeting this standard will be accepted by the Commandant (CG-ENG).
1. Scope
1.1 This standard provides the minimum requirements for design, construction, performance and testing of detonation flame arresters.
2. Intent
2.1 This standard is intended for detonation flame arresters protecting systems containing vapors of flammable or combustible liquids where vapor temperatures do not exceed 60 C. For all tests, the test media defined in 14.1.1 can be used except where detonation flame arresters protect systems handling vapors with a maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) below 0.9 millimeters. Detonation flame arresters protecting such systems must be tested with appropriate media (the same vapor or a media having a MESG no greater than the vapor). Various gases and their respective MESG are listed in attachment 1.
2.2 The tests in this standard are intended to qualify detonation flame arresters for all in-line applications independent of piping configuration provided the operating pressure is equal to or less than the maximum operating pressure limit specified in the manufacturer's certification and the diameter of the piping system in which the detonation arrester is to be installed is equal to or less than the piping diameter used in the testing.
Note: Detonation flame arresters meeting this standard as Type I devices, which are certified to be effective below 0 C and which can sustain three stable detonations without being damaged or permanently deformed, also comply with the minimum requirements of the International Maritime Organization, Maritime Safety Committee Circular No. 373 (MSC/Circ. 373/Rev.1).
3. Applicable Documents
3.1 ASTM Standards \1\---------------------------------------------------------------------------
\1\ Footnotes appear at the end of this article. A395 Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castings For Use At Elevated Temperatures.F722 Welded Joints for Shipboard Piping SystemsF1155 Standard Practice for Selection and Application of Piping System Materials
3.2 ANSI Standards \2\ B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.
3.3 Other Documents
3.3.1 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code \2\ Section VIII, Division 1, Pressure VesselsSection IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications.
3.3.2 International Maritime Organization, Maritime Safety Committee \3\ MSC/Circ. 373/Rev. 1--Revised Standards for the Design, Testing and Locating of Devices to Prevent the Passage of Flame into Cargo Tanks in Tankers.
3.3.3 International Electrotechnical Commission \4\ Publication 79-1--Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres.
4. Terminology
4.1 \ P/Po--The dimensionless ratio, for any deflagration and detonation test of 14.3, of the maximum pressure increase (the maximum pressure minus the initial pressure), as measured in the piping system on the side of the arrester where ignition begins by the device described in paragraph 14.3.3, to the initial absolute pressure in the piping system. The initial pressure should be greater than or equal to the maximum operating pressure specified in paragraph 11.1.7.
4.2 Deflagration--A combustion wave that propagates subsonically (as measured at the pressure and temperature of the flame front) by the transfer of heat and active chemical species to the unburned gas ahead of the flame front.
4.3 Detonation--A reaction in a combustion wave propagating at sonic or supersonic (as measured at the pressure and temperature of the flame front) velocity. A detonation is stable when it has a velocity equal to the speed of sound in the burnt gas or may be unstable (overdriven) with a higher velocity and pressure.
4.4 Detonation flame arrester--A device which prevents the transmission of a detonation and a deflagration.
4.5 Flame speed--The speed at which a flame propagates along a pipe or other system.
4.6 Flame Passage--The transmission of a flame through a device.
4.7 Gasoline Vapors--A non-leaded petroleum distillate consisting essentially of aliphatic hydrocarbon compounds with a boiling range approximating 65 C/75 C.
5. Classification
5.1 The two types of detonation flame arresters covered in this specification are classified as follows:
5.1.1 Type I--Detonation flame arresters acceptable for applications where stationary flames may rest on the device.
5.1.2 Type II--Detonation flame arresters acceptable for applications where stationary flames are unlikely to rest on the device, and further methods are provided to prevent flame passage when a stationary flame occurs. One example of ``further methods'' is a temperature monitor and an automatic shutoff valve.
6. Ordering Information
6.1 Orders for detonation flame arresters under this specification shall include the following information as applicable:
6.1.1 Type (I or II).
6.1.2 Nominal pipe size.
6 1.3 Each gas or vapor in the system and the corresponding MESG.
6.1.4 Inspection and tests other than specified by this standard.
6.1.5 Anticipated ambient air temperature range.
6.1.6 Purchaser's inspection requirements (see section 10.1).
6.1.7 Description of installation.
6.1.8 Materials of construction (see section 7).
6.1.9 Maximum flow rate and the maximum design pressure drop for that maximum flow rate.
6.1.10 Maximum operating pressure.
7. Materials
7.1 The detonation flame arrester housing, and other parts or bolting used for pressure retention, shall be constructed of materials listed in ASTM F 1155 (incorporated by reference, see Sec. 154.106), or section VIII, Division 1 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Cast and malleable iron shall not be used; however, ductile cast iron in accordance with ASTM A395 may be used.
7.1.1 Arresters, elements, gaskets, and seals must be made of materials resistant to attack by seawater and the liquids and vapors contained in the system being protected (see section 6.1.3).
7.2 Nonmetallic materials, other than gaskets and seals, shall not be used in the construction of pressure retaining components of the detonation flame arrester.
7.2.1 Nonmetallic gaskets and seals shall be non-combustible and suitable for the service intended.
7.3 Bolting materials, other than that of section 7.1, shall be at least equal to those listed in Table 1 of ANSI B16.5 (incorporated by reference, see 33 CFR 154.106).
7.4 The possibility of galvanic corrosion shall be considered in the selection of materials.
7.5 All other parts shall be constructed of materials suitable for the service intended.
8. Other Requirements
8.1 Detonation flame arrester housings shall be gas tight to prevent the escape of vapors.
8.2 Detonation flame arrester elements shall fit in the housing in a manner that will insure tightness of metal-to-metal contacts in such a way that flame cannot pass between the element and the housing.
8.2.1 The net free area through detonation flame arrester elements shall be at least 1.5 times the cross-sectional area of the arrester inlet.
8.3 Housings, elements, and seal gasket materials shall be capable of withstanding the maximum and minimum pressures and temperatures to which the device may be exposed under both normal and the specified fire test conditions in section 14, and shall be capable of withstanding the hydrostatic pressure test of section 9.2.3.
8.4 Threaded or flanged pipe connections shall comply with the applicable B16 standards in ASTM F 1155 (incorporated by reference, see Sec. 154.106). Welded joints shall comply with ASTM F 722 (incorporated by reference, see Sec. 154.106).
8.5 All flat joints of the housing shall be machined true and shall provide for a joint having adequate metal-to-metal contact.
8.6 Where welded construction is used for pressure retaining components, welded joint design details, welding and non-destructive testing shall be in accordance with Section VIII, Division 1, of the ASME Code and ASTM F 722 (incorporated by reference, see Sec. 154.106). Welders and weld procedures shall be qualified in accordance with section IX of the ASME Code.
8.7 The design of detonation flame arresters shall allow for ease of inspection and removal of internal elements for replacement, cleaning or repair without removal of the entire device from the system.
8.8 Detonation flame arresters shall allow for efficient drainage of condensate without impairing their efficiency to prevent the passage of flame. The housing may be fitted with one or more drain plugs for this purpose. The design of a drain plug should be such so that by cursory visual inspection it is obvious whether the drain has been left open.
8.9 All fastenings shall be protected against loosening.
8.10 Detonation flame arresters shall be designed and constructed to minimize the effect of fouling under normal operating conditions.
8.11 Detonation flame arresters shall be capable of operating over the full range of ambient air temperatures anticipated.
8.12 Detonation flame arresters shall be of first class workmanship and free from imperfections which may affect their intended purpose.
8.13 Detonation flame arresters shall be tested in accordance with section 9.
9. Tests
9.1 Tests shall be conducted by an independent laboratory capable of performing the tests. The manufacturer, in choosing a laboratory, accepts that it is a qualified independent laboratory by determining that it has (or has access to) the apparatus, facilities, personnel, and calibrated instruments that are necessary to test detonation flame arresters in accordance with this standard.
9.1.1 A test report shall be prepared by the laboratory which shall include:
9.1.1.1 Detailed drawings of the detonation flame arrester and its components (including a parts list identifying the materials of construction).
9.1.1.2 Types of tests conducted and results obtained. This shall include the maximum temperature reached and the length of testing time in section 14.2 in the case of Type II detonation flame arresters.
9.1.1.3 Description of approved attachments (reference 9.2.6).
9.1.1.4 Types of gases or vapors for which the detonation flame arrester is approved.
9.1.1.5 Drawings of the test rig.
9.1.1.6 Record of all markings found on the tested detonation flame arrester.
9.1.1.7 A report number.
9.2 One of each model Type I and Type II detonation flame arrester shall be tested. Where approval of more than one size of a detonation flame arrester model is desired, only the largest and smallest sizes need be tested provided it is demonstrated by calculation and/or other testing that intermediate size devices have equal or greater strength to withstand the force of a detonation and have equivalent detonation arresting characteristics. A change of design, material, or construction which may affect the corrosion resistance, or ability to resist endurance burning, deflagrations or detonations shall be considered a change of model for the purpose of this paragraph.
9.2.1 The detonation flame arrester shall have the same dimensions, configuration, and most unfavorable clearances expected in production units.
9.2.2 A corrosion test shall be conducted. In this test, a complete detonation flame arrester, including a section of pipe similar to that to which it will be fitted, shall be exposed to a 20% sodium chloride solution spray at a temperature of 25 C for a period of 240 hours, and allowed to dry for 48 hours. Following this exposure, all movable parts shall operate properly and there shall be no corrosion deposits which cannot be washed off.
9.2.3 The detonation flame arrester shall be subjected to a hydrostatic pressure test of at least 350 psig for ten minutes without rupturing, leaking, or showing permanent distortion.
9.2.4 Flow characteristics as declared by the manufacturer, shall be demonstrated by appropriate tests.
9.2.5 Detonation flame arresters shall be tested for endurance burn and deflagration/detonation in accordance with the test procedures in section 14. Type I detonation flame arresters shall show no flame passage when subjected to both tests. Type II detonation flame arresters shall show no evidence of flame passage during the detonation/deflagration tests in section 14.3. Type II detonation flame arresters shall be tested for endurance burn in accordance with section 14.2. From the endurance burn test of a Type II detonation flame arresters, the maximum temperature reached and the test duration shall be recorded and provided as part of the laboratory test report.
9.2.6 Where a detonation flame arrester is provided with cowls, weather hoods and deflectors, etc., it shall be tested in each configuration in which it is provided.
9.2.7 Detonation flame arresters which are provided with a heating arrangement designed to maintain the surface temperature of the device above 85 C shall pass the required tests at the maximum heated operating temperature.
9.2.8 Each finished detonation arrester shall be pneumatically tested at 10 psig to ensure there are no defects or leakage.
10. Inspection
10.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser's inspector all reasonable access necessary to assure that the device is being furnished in accordance with this standard. All examinations and inspections shall be made at the place of manufacture, unless otherwise agreed upon.
10.2 Each finished detonation arrester shall be visually and dimensionally checked to ensure that the device corresponds to this standard, is certified in accordance with section 11 and is marked in accordance with section 12. Special attention shall be given to the checking of welds and the proper fit-ups of joints (see sections 8.5 and 8.6).
11. Certification
11.1 Manufacturer's certification that a detonation flame arrester meets this standard shall be provided in an instruction manual. The manual shall include as applicable:
11.1.1 Installation instructions and a description of all configurations tested (reference paragraph 9.2.6). Installation instructions to include the device's limitations.
11.1.2 Operating instructions.
11.1.3 Maintenance requirements.
11.1.3.1 Instructions on how to determine when arrester cleaning is required and the method of cleaning.
11.1.4 Copy of test report (see section 9.1.1).
11.1.5 Flow test data, maximum temperature and time tested (Type II).
11.1.6 The ambient air temperature range over which the device will effectively prevent the passage of flame.
Note: Other factors such as condensation and freezing of vapors should be evaluated at the time of equipment specification.
11.1.7 The maximum operating pressure for which the device is suitable.
12. Marking
12.1 Each detonation flame arrester shall be permanently marked indicating:
12.1.1 Manufacturer's name or trademark.
12.1.2 Style, type, model or other manufacturer's designation for the detonation flame arrester.
12.1.3 Size of the inlet and outlet.
12.1.4 Type of device (Type I or II).
12.1.5 Direction of flow through the detonation flame arrester.
12.1.6 Test laboratory and report number.
12.1.7 Lowest MESG of gases that the detonation flame arrester is suitable for.
12.1.8 ASTM designation of this standard.
12.1.9 Ambient air operating temperature range.
12.1.10 Maximum operating pressure.
13. Quality Assurance
13.1 Detonation flame arresters shall be designed, manufactured and tested in a manner that ensures they meet the characteristics of the unit tested in accordance with this standard.
13.2 The detonation flame arrester manufacturer shall maintain the quality of the arresters that are designed, tested and marked in accordance with this standard. At no time shall a detonation flame arrester be sold with this standard designation that does not meet the requirements herein.
14. Test Procedures for Detonation Arresters
14.1 Media/Air Mixtures
14.1.1 For vapors from flammable or combustible liquids with a MESG greater than or equal to 0.9 mm, technical grade hexane or gasoline vapors shall be used for all tests in this section except technical grade propane may be used for the deflagration/detonation tests in section 14.3. For vapors with a MESG less than 0.9 mm, the specific vapor (or alternatively, a media with a MESG less than or equal to the MESG of the vapor) must be used as the test medium in all Section 14 tests.
14.1.2 Hexane, propane, gasoline and other test vapors shall be mixed with air to form the most easily ignitable mixture. \5\
14.2 Endurance Burn Test Procedure
14.2.1 An endurance burning test shall be carried out as follows:
14.2.1.1 The test rig shall consist of an apparatus producing an explosive mixture, a small tank with a diaphragm, a prototype of the detonation flame arrester and a firing source in close proximity to the test device (see Figure 1). The detonation flame arrester shall be installed so that the mixture emission is vertically upwards, or installed in the position for which it is designed and which will cause the most severe heating of the device under the prescribed endurance burn conditions. In this position the mixture shall be ignited.
14.2.1.2 Endurance burn test shall start by using the most easily ignitable test vapor/air mixture with the aid of a pilot flame or a spark igniter at the outlet. The flammable mixture may be reignited as necessary in the course of the endurance burn.
14.2.1.3 Temperature measurement will be performed on the surface of the arrester element half way between the center and its edge.
14.2.1.4 By varying the proportions of the flammable mixture and the flow rate, the detonation flame arrester shall be heated by a stable flame on the surface of the arrester until the highest obtainable temperature is reached on the ignited side or until the temperature on the side which was not ignited (protected side) rises 100 C.
14.2.1.5 The flammable mixture proportions will then be varied again until the conditions which result in the highest temperature on the protected side are achieved. This temperature shall be maintained for a period of ten minutes, after which the flow shall be stopped and the conditions observed. The highest attainable temperature is considered to have been reached when any subsequent rise of temperature does not exceed 0.5 C per minute over a ten minute period.
14.2.1.6 If difficulty arises in establishing the highest attainable temperature on the protected side, the following criteria shall apply. When the increase in temperature on the protected side occurs so slowly that its temperature does not rise 100 C, the conditions which produced the highest temperature on the ignited side of the arrester will be maintained for two hours. For the condition in which the temperature on the protected side continues to rise at a rate in excess of 0.5 C per minute for a 10 minute period, endurance burning shall be continued, using the most severe conditions of flammable mixtures and flow rate, for a period of two hours. In either of these cases, at the end of the two hour period, the flow shall be stopped and the conditions observed. The two hour interval shall be measured commencing with the setting of the conditions which produced the most severe conditions of mixture and flow rate. For Type I detonation flame arresters, flame passage shall not occur during this test. For Type II detonation flame arresters, the maximum temperature obtained, and the time elapsed from the time when the most severe conditions are set to when flame passage occurs, shall be recorded. However, for Type II detonation flame arresters the test may be terminated 15 minutes after setting the most severe conditions on the protected side.
14.3 Deflagration/Detonation Test Procedure
14.3.1 A detonation flame arrester shall be installed at one end of a pipe of the same diameter as the inlet of the detonation flame arrester (see Figure 2). The length and configuration of the test pipe shall develop a stable detonation \6\ at the device and shall be capable, by change in its length or configuration, of developing deflagrations and unstable (overdriven) detonations as measured on the side of the pipe where ignition occurs (run-up side). For deflagration testing, two test piping arrangements shall be used on the outlet side of the detonation flame arrester (the side which is not ignited). In both of the following end arrangements, the outlet side pipe diameter shall be equal to that on the run-up side. In one arrangement, the outlet side pipe shall be at least 10 pipe diameters long with a plastic bag over the free end. (Alternate end of pipe closures are also acceptable provided they easily give way during the course of the test, and the closure allows the required gas concentration to be maintained throughout the test piping arrangement.) In the other arrangement the outlet side pipe shall be fitted with a restriction located 0.6 meters from the outlet side arrester flange. The size of the restriction for each nominal size detonation flame arrester shall be as follows: ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nominal pipe diameter (inches) Restriction diameter (inches)------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 \1/2\
4 \1/2\
6 1
8 1\1/2\
10 1\1/2\
12 2
18 2
24 2------------------------------------------------------------------------ The entire pipe shall be filled with the most easily ignitable vapor/air mixture to a test pressure corresponding to or greater than the upper limit of the device's maximum operating pressure (see 11.1.7). In order to obtain this test pressure, a device such as a bursting disc may be fitted on the open end of the device in place of the plastic bag. The concentration of the mixture should be verified by appropriate testing of the gas composition. The vapor/air mixture shall then be ignited.
14.3.2 Flame speeds shall be measured by optical devices capable of providing accuracy of 5%. These devices shall be situated no more than a distance equal to 3% of the length of the run-up pipe apart with one device no more than 8 inches from the end of the test pipe to which the detonation flame arrester is attached. In addition, each outlet arrangement described in paragraph 14.3.1 shall be fitted with an optical device located no more than 8 inches from the detonation flame arrester outlet. \7\
14.3.3 Explosion pressures within the pipe shall be measured by a high frequency transducer situated in the test pipe no more than 8 inches from the run-up side of the housing of the detonation flame arrester.
14.3.4 Using the first end arrangement (10 pipe diameter outlet) described in paragraph 14.3.1, a series of tests shall be conducted to determine the test pipe length and configuration that results in the maximum unstable (overdriven) detonation having the maximum measured flame speed at the detonation flame arrester. (These tests may also be carried out using a single length of pipe with igniters spaced at varying distances from the arrester.) The flame speeds, explosion pressures and test pipe configurations shall be recorded for each of these tests. The piping configuration that resulted in the highest recorded unstable (overdriven) detonation flame speed shall be used, and the device shall be subjected to at least four additional unstable (overdriven) detonations. In the course of testing, the device shall also demonstrate its ability to withstand five stable detonations, five deflagrations (as determined by flame speed) where \ P/Po was less than 1 and five deflagrations (as determined by flame speed) where \ P/Po was greater than 1 but less than 10. Initiation of deflagrations shall be at several locations to generate a range for \ P/Po. Deflagration tests using the restricted outlet arrangement described in paragraph 14.3.1 shall then be conducted. In these tests the device shall demonstrate its ability to stop five deflagrations (as determined by flame speed) generated by the same configurations which resulted in \ P/Po being less than 1 during the deflagration tests which were conducted without the restricted end arrangements, and five deflagrations (as determined by flame speed) generated by the same configurations which resulted in \ P/Po being greater than 1 but less than 10 during the deflagration tests which were conducted without the restricted end arrangements. No evidence of flame passage shall occur during these tests. The flame speeds and explosion pressures for each of these tests shall be recorded.
14.3.5 A device that successfully passes the tests of 14.3.4 shall be considered to be directional (suitable for arresting a detonation advancing only from the direction as tested) except;
14.3.5.1 A device may be tested according to 14.3.4 for detonations approaching from either direction, or
14.3.5.2 The design of the device is symmetrical where each end may be considered to be identical when approached by a detonation from either direction.
\1\ Available from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
\2\ Available from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers International, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
\3\ Available from the International Maritime Organization, 4 Albert Embankment, London SE1 7SR, England.
\4\ Available from the International Electrotechnical Commission, 1 rue de Varembe, Geneva, Switzerland.
\5\ See IEC Publication 79-1.
\6\ Some data are available for the estimation of flame speeds in horizontal pipes without detonation flame arresters. Some data indicate that the presence of small obstacles, fittings or bends in the test pipe can accelerate the flame speeds appreciably.
\7\ Other pressure and/or flame speed measuring techniques may be used if effective. [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC18OC91.012 [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TC18OC91.013
Attachment 1------------------------------------------------------------------------
Experimental maximum
safe gap
Inflammable gas or vapour ----------------------
mm in.------------------------------------------------------------------------Methane.......................................... 1.170 0.046Blast furnace gas................................ 1.193 0.047Propane.......................................... 0.965 0.038Butane........................................... 1.066 0.042Pentane.......................................... 1.016 0.040Hexane........................................... 0.965 0.038Heptane.......................................... 0.965 0.038Iso-octane....................................... 1.040 0.041Decane........................................... 1.016 0.040Benzene.......................................... 0.99 0.039Xylene........................................... 1.066 0.042Cyclohexane...................................... 0.94 0.037Acetone.......................................... 1.016 0.040Ethylene......................................... 0.71 0.028Methyl-ethyl-ketone.............................. 1.016 0.040Carbon monoxide.................................. 0.915 0.036Methyl-acetate................................... 0.990 0.039Ethyl-acetate.................................... 1.04 0.041Propyl-acetate................................... 1.04 0.041Butyl-acetate.................................... 1.016 0.040Amyl-acetate..................................... 0.99 0.039Methyl alcohol................................... 0.915 0.036Ethyl alcohol.................................... 1.016 0.040Iso-butyl-alcohol................................ 0.965 0.038Butyl-alcohol (Normal)........................... 0.94 0.037Amyl-alcohol..................................... 0.99 0.039Ethyl-ether...................................... 0.864 0.034Coal gas (H2 57%)................................ 0.482 0.019Acetylene........................................ <=0.025 <=0.001Carbon disulphide................................ 0.203 0.008Hydrogen......................................... 0.102 0.004Blue water gas (H2 53% CO 47%)................... 0.203 0.008Ethyl nitrate.................................... <=0.025 <=0.001Ammonia.......................................... \1\ 3.33 \1\ 0.133Ethylene oxide................................... 0.65 0.026Ethyl nitrite.................................... 0.922 0.038------------------------------------------------------------------------\1\ Approximately. [CGD 88-102, 55 FR 25435, June 21, 1990; 55 FR 39270, Sept. 26, 1990, as amended by CGD 96-026, 61 FR 33666, June 28, 1996; USCG-1999-5832, 64 FR 34715, June 29, 1999; USCG-2000-7223, 65 FR 40058, June 29, 2000; USCG-2010-0351, 75 FR 36284, June 25, 2010; USCG-1999-5150, 78 FR 42641, July 16, 2013; USCG-2014-0410, 79 FR 38436, July 7, 2014]
Sec. Appendix B to Part 154 [Reserved]
Sec. Appendix C to Part 154--Guidelines for Determining and Evaluating
Required Response Resources for Facility Response Plans
1. Purpose
1.1 The purpose of this appendix is to describe the procedures for identifying response resources to meet the requirements of subpart F of this part. These guidelines will be used by the facility owner or operator in preparing the response plan and by the Captain of the Port (COTP) when reviewing them. Response resources identified in subparts H and I of this part should be selected using the guidelines in section 2 and Table 1 of this appendix.
2. Equipment Operability and Readiness
2.1 All equipment identified in a response plan must be designed to operate in the conditions expected in the facility's geographic area. These conditions vary widely based on location and season. Therefore, it is difficult to identify a single stockpile of response equipment that will function effectively in each geographic location.
2.2 Facilities handling, storing, or transporting oil in more than one operating environment as indicated in Table 1 of this appendix must identify equipment capable of successfully functioning in each operating environment.
2.3 When identifying equipment for response plan credit, a facility owner or operator must consider the inherent limitations in the operability of equipment components and response systems. The criteria in Table 1 of this appendix should be used for evaluating the operability in a given environment. These criteria reflect the general conditions in certain operating areas.
2.3.1 The Coast Guard may require documentation that the boom identified in a response plan meets the criteria in Table 1. Absent acceptable documentation, the Coast Guard may require that the boom be tested to demonstrate that it meets the criteria in Table 1. Testing must be in accordance with ASTM F 715 (incorporated by reference, see Sec. 154.106), or other tests approved by the Coast Guard.
2.4 Table 1 of this appendix lists criteria for oil recovery devices and boom. All other equipment necessary to sustain or support response operations in the specified operating environment must be designed to function in the same conditions. For example, boats which deploy or support skimmers or boom must be capable of being safely operated in the significant wave heights listed for the applicable operating environment.
2.5 A facility owner or operator must refer to the applicable local contingency plan or ACP, as appropriate, to determine if ice, debris, and weather-related visibility are significant factors in evaluating the operability of equipment. The local contingency plan or ACP will also identify the average temperature ranges expected in the facility's operating area. All equipment identified in a response plan must be designed to operate within those conditions or ranges.
2.6 The requirements of subparts F, G, H and I of this part establish response resource mobilization and response times. The distance of the facility from the storage location of the response resources must be used to determine whether the resources can arrive on scene within the stated time. A facility owner or operator shall include the time for notification, mobilization, and travel time of response resources identified to meet the maximum most probable discharge and Tier 1 worst case discharge response time requirements. For subparts F and G, tier 2 and 3 response resources must be notified and mobilized as necessary to meet the requirements for arrival on scene in accordance with Sec. 154.1045 or Sec. 154.1047 of subpart F, or Sec. 154.1135 of subpart G, as appropriate. An on water speed of 5 knots and a land speed of 35 miles per hour is assumed unless the facility owner or operator can demonstrate otherwise.
2.7 For subparts F and G, in identifying equipment, the facility owner or operator shall list the storage location, quantity, and manufacturer's make and model. For oil recovery devices, the effective daily recovery capacity, as determined using section 6 of this appendix must be included. For boom, the overall boom height (draft plus freeboard) should be included. A facility owner or operator is responsible for ensuring that identified boom has compatible connectors.
2.8 For subparts H and I, in identifying equipment, the facility owner or operator shall list the storage location, quantity, and manufacturer's make and model. For boom, the overall boom height (draft plus freeboard) should be included. A facility owner or operator is responsible for ensuring that identified boom has compatible connectors. 3. Determining Response Resources Required for the Average Most Probable
Discharge
3.1 A facility owner or operator shall identify sufficient response resources available, through contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), to respond to the average most probable discharge. The equipment must be designed to function in the operating environment at the point of expected use.
3.2 The response resources must include:
3.2.1 1,000 feet of containment boom or two times the length of the largest vessel that regularly conducts oil transfers to or from the facility, whichever is greater, and a means deploying it available at the spill site within 1 hour of the discovery of a spill.
3.2.2 Oil recovery devices with an effective daily recovery capacity equal to the amount of oil discharged in an average most probable discharge or greater available at the facility within 2 hours of the detection of an oil discharge.
3.2.3 Oil storage capacity for recovered oily material indicated in section 9.2 of this appendix. 4. Determining Response Resources Required for the Maximum Most Probable
Discharge
4.1 A facility owner or operator shall identify sufficient response resources available, by contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), to respond to discharges up to the maximum most probable discharge volume for that facility. This will require response resources capable of containing and collecting up to 1,200 barrels of oil or 10 percent of the worst case discharge, whichever is less. All equipment identified must be designed to operate in the applicable operating environment specified in Table 1 of this appendix.
4.2 Oil recovery devices identified to meet the applicable maximum most probable discharge volume planning criteria must be located such that they arrive on scene within 6 hours in higher volume port areas (as defined in Sec. 154.1020) and the Great Lakes and within 12 hours in all other areas.
4.3 Because rapid control, containment, and removal of oil is critical to reduce spill impact, the effective daily recovery capacity for oil recovery devices must equal 50 percent of the planning volume applicable for the facility as determined in section 4.1 of this appendix. The effective daily recovery capacity for oil recovery devices identified in the plan must be determined using the criteria in section 6 of this appendix.
4.4 In addition to oil recovery capacity, the plan must identify sufficient quantities of containment boom available, by contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), to arrive within the required response times for oil collection and containment and for protection of fish and wildlife and sensitive environments. While the regulation does not set required quantities of boom for oil collection and containment, the response plan must identify and ensure, by contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), the availability of the boom identified in the plan for this purpose.
4.5 The plan must indicate the availability of temporary storage capacity to meet the guidelines of section 9.2 of this appendix. If available storage capacity is insufficient to meet this level, then the effective daily recovery capacity must be derated to the limits of the available storage capacity.
4.6 The following is an example of a maximum most probable discharge volume planning calculation for equipment identification in a higher volume port area: The facility's worst case discharge volume is 20,000 barrels. Ten percent of this is 2,000 barrels. Since this is greater than 1,200 barrels, 1,200 barrels is used as the planning volume. The effective daily recovery capacity must be 50 percent of this, or 600 barrels per day. The ability of oil recovery devices to meet this capacity will be calculated using the procedures in section 6 of this appendix. Temporary storage capacity available on scene must equal twice the daily recovery rate as indicated in section 9 of this appendix, or 1,200 barrels per day. This is the information the facility owner or operator will use to identify and ensure the availability of, through contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), the required response resources. The facility owner will also need to identify how much boom is available for use. 5. Determining Response Resources Required for the Worst Case Discharge
to the Maximum Extent Practicable
5.1 A facility owner or operator shall identify and ensure availability of, by contract or other approved means, as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), sufficient response resources to respond to the worst case discharge of oil to the maximum extent practicable. Section 7 of this appendix describes the method to determine the required response resources.
5.2 Oil spill response resources identified in the response plan and available through contract or other approved means, as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), to meet the applicable worst case discharge planning volume must be located such that they can arrive at the scene of a discharge within the times specified for the applicable response tiers listed in Sec. 154.1045.
5.3 The effective daily recovery capacity for oil recovery devices identified in a response plan must be determined using the criteria in section 6 of this appendix. A facility owner or operator shall identify the storage locations of all response resources that must be used to fulfill the requirements for each tier. The owner or operator of a facility whose required daily recovery capacity exceeds the applicable response capability caps in Table 5 of this appendix shall identify sources of additional equipment, their locations, and the arrangements made to obtain this equipment during a response. The owner or operator of a facility whose calculated planning volume exceeds the applicable contracting caps in Table 5 shall identify sources of additional equipment equal to twice the cap listed in Tiers 1, 2, and 3 or the amount necessary to reach the calculated planning volume, whichever is lower. The resources identified above the cap must be capable of arriving on scene not later than the Tiers 1, 2, and 3 response times in Sec. 154.1045. No contract is required. While general listings of available response equipment may be used to identify additional sources, a response plan must identify the specific sources, locations, and quantities of equipment that a facility owner or operator has considered in his or her planning. When listing Coast Guard classified oil spill removal organization(s) which have sufficient removal capacity to recover the volume above the response capability cap for the specific facility, as specified in Table 5 of this appendix, it is not necessary to list specific quantities of equipment.
5.4 A facility owner or operator shall identify the availability of temporary storage capacity to meet the requirements of section 9.2 of this appendix. If available storage capacity is insufficient to meet this requirement, then the effective daily recovery capacity must be derated to the limits of the availabile storage capacity.
5.5 When selecting response resources necessary to meet the response plan requirements, the facility owner or operator must ensure that a portion of those resources are capable of being used in close-to-shore response activities in shallow water. The following percentages of the on-water response equipment identified for the applicable geographic area must be capable of operating in waters of 6 feet or less depth:
(i) Offshore--10 percent
(ii) Nearshore/inland/Great Lakes/rivers and canals--20 percent.
5.6 In addition to oil spill recovery devices, a facility owner or operator shall identify sufficient quantities of boom that are available, by contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), to arrive on scene within the required response times for oil containment and collection. The specific quantity of boom required for collection and containment will depend on the specific recovery equipment and strategies employed. A facility owner or operator shall also identify sufficient quantities of oil containment boom to protect fish and wildlife and sensitive environments for the number of days and geographic areas specified in Table 2. Sections 154.1035(b)(4)(iii) and 154.1040(a), as appropriate, shall be used to determine the amount of containment boom required, through contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), to protect fish and wildlife and sensitive environments.
5.7 A facility owner or operator must also identify, through contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), the availability of an oil spill removal organization capable of responding to a shoreline cleanup operation involving the calculated volume of oil and emulsified oil that might impact the affected shoreline. The volume of oil that must be planned for is calculated through the application of factors contained in Tables 2 and 3. The volume calculated from these tables is intended to assist the facility owner or operator in identifying a contractor with sufficient resources and expertise. This planning volume is not used explicitly to determine a required amount of equipment and personnel.
6. Determining Effective Daily Recovery Capacity for Oil Recovery
Devices
6.1 Oil recovery devices identified by a facility owner or operator must be identified by manufacturer, model, and effective daily recovery capacity. These rates must be used to determine whether there is sufficient capacity to meet the applicable planning critieria for the average most probable discharge, maximum most probable discharge, and worst case discharge to the maximum extent practicable.
6.2 For the purpose of determining the effective daily recovery capacity of oil recovery devices, the formula listed in section 6.2.1 of this appendix will be used. This method considers potential limitations due to available daylight, weather, sea state, and percentage of emulsified oil in the recovered material. The Coast Guard may assign a lower efficiency factor to equipment listed in a response plan if it determines that such a reduction is warranted.
6.2.1 The following formula must be used to calculate the effective daily recovery capacity: R=Tx24 hoursxE R=Effective daily recovery capacityT=Throughout rate in barrels per hour (nameplate capacity)E=20 percent Efficiency factor (or lower factor as determined by Coast
Guard)
6.2.2 For those devices in which the pump limits the throughput of liquid, throughput rate will be calculated using the pump capacity.
6.2.3 For belt or mop type devices, the throughput rate will be calculated using the speed of the belt or mop through the device, assumed thickness of oil adhering to or collected by the device, and surface area of the belt or mop. For purposes of this calculation, the assumed thickness of oil will be \1/4\ inch.
6.2.4 Facility owners or operators including oil recovery devices whose throughput is not measurable using a pump capacity or belt/mop speed may provide information to support an alternative method of calculation. This information must be submitted following the procedures in paragraph 6.3.2 of this appendix.
6.3 As an alternative to 6.2, a facility owner or operator may submit adequate evidence that a different effective daily recovery capacity should be applied for a specific oil recovery device. Adequate evidence is actual verified performance data in spill conditions or tests using ASTM F 631 (incorporated by reference, see Sec. 154.106), or an equivalent test approved by the Coast Guard.
6.3.1 The following formula must be used to calculate the effective daily recovery capacity under this alternative: R=DxU R=Effective daily recovery capacityD=Average Oil Recovery Rate in barrels per hour (Item 26 in ASTM F 808;
Item 13.2.16 in ASTM F 631; or actual performance data)U=Hours per day that a facility owner or operator can document
capability to operate equipment under spill conditions. Ten
hours per day must be used unless a facility owner or operator
can demonstrate that the recovery operation can be sustained
for longer periods.
6.3.2 A facility owner or operator proposing a different effective daily recovery rate for use in a response plan shall provide data for the oil recovery devices listed. The following is an example of these calculations:
A weir skimmer identified in a response plan has a manufacturer's rated throughput at the pump of 267 gallons per minute (gpm). 267 gpm=381 barrels per hourR=381x24x.2=1829 barrels per day
After testing using ASTM procedures, the skimmer's oil recovery rate is determined to be 220 gpm. The facility owner of operator identifies sufficient response resources available to support operations 12 hours per day. 220 gpm=314 barrels per hourR=314x12=3768 barrels per day
The facility owner or operator will be able to use the higher rate if sufficient temporary oil storage capacity is available. Determinations of alternative efficiency factors under paragraph 6.2 or alternative effective daily recovery capacities under paragraph 6.3 of this appendix will be made by Commandant (CG-CPE), Attn: Office of Crisis and Contingency Preparedness and Exercise Policy, U.S. Coast Guard Stop 7516, 2703 Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue SE., Washington, DC 20593-7516. Response contractors or equipment manufacturers may submit required information on behalf of multiple facility owners or operators directly in lieu of including the request with the response plan submission.
7. Calculating the Worst Case Discharge Planning Volumes
7.1 The facility owner or operator shall plan for a response to a facility's worst case discharge. The planning for on-water recovery must take into account a loss of some oil to the environment due to evaporative and natural dissipation, potential increases in volume due to emulsification, and the potential for deposit of some oil on the shoreline.
7.2 The following procedures must be used to calculate the planning volume used by a facility owner or operator for determining required on water recovery capacity:
7.2.1 The following must be determined: The worst case discharge volume of oil in the facility; the appropriate group(s) for the type of oil handled, stored, or transported at the facility (non-persistent (Group I) or persistent (Groups II, III, or IV)); and the facility's specific operating area. Facilities which handle, store, or transport oil from different petroleum oil groups must calculate each group separately. This information is to be used with Table 2 of this appendix to determine the percentages of the total volume to be used for removal capacity planning. This table divides the volume into three categories: Oil lost to the environment; oil deposited on the shoreline; and oil available for on-water recovery.
7.2.2 The on-water oil recovery volume must be adjusted using the appropriate emulsification factor found in Table 3 of this appendix. Facilities which handle, store, or transport oil from different petroleum groups must assume that the oil group resulting in the largest on-water recovery volume will be stored in the tank or tanks identified as constituting the worst case discharge.
7.2.3 The adjusted volume is multiplied by the on-water oil recovery resource mobilization favor found in Table 4 of this appendix from the appropriate operating area and response tier to determine the total on-water oil recovery capacity in barrels per day that must be identified or contracted for to arrive on-scene with the applicable time for each response tier. Three tiers are specified. For higher volume port areas, the contracted tiers of resources must be located such that they can arrive on scene within 6, 30, and 54 hours of the discovery of an oil discharge. For all other river, inland, nearshore, offshore areas, and the Great Lakes, these tiers are 12, 36, and 60 hours.
7.2.4 The resulting on-water recovery capacity in barrels per day for each tier must be used to identify response resources necessary to sustain operations in the applicable operating area. The equipment must be capable of sustaining operations for the time period specified in Table 2 of this appendix. The facility owner or operator must identify and ensure the availability, through contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), of sufficient oil spill recovery devices to provide the effective daily recovery oil recovery capacity required. If the required capacity exceeds the applicable cap specified in Table 5 of this appendix, then a facility owner or operator shall ensure, by contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), only for the quantity of resources required to meet the cap, but shall identify sources of additional resources as indicated in Sec. 154.1045(m). The owner or operator of a facility whose planning volume exceeds the cap for 1993 must make arrangements to identify and ensure the availability, through contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), of the additional capacity in 1998 or 2003, as appropriate. For a facility that handles, stores, or transports multiple groups of oil, the required effective daily recovery capacity for each group is calculated before applying the cap.
7.3 The following procedures must be used to calculate the planning volume for identifying shoreline cleanup capacity:
7.3.1 The following must be determined: The worst case discharge volume of oil for the facility; the appropriate group(s) for the type of oil handled, stored, or transported at the facility (non-persistent (Group I) or persistent (Groups II, III, or IV)); and the operating area(s) in which the facility operates. For a facility storing oil from different groups, each group must be calculated separately. Using this information, Table 2 of this appendix must be used to determine the percentages of the total planning volume to be used for shoreline cleanup resource planning.
7.3.2 The shoreline cleanup planning volume must be adjusted to reflect an emulsification factor using the same procedure as described in section 7.2.2.
7.3.3 The resulting volume will be used to identify an oil spill removal organization with the appropriate shoreline cleanup capability.
7.3.4 The following is an example of the procedure described above: A facility receives oil from barges via a dock located on a bay and transported by piping to storage tanks. The facility handles Number 6 oil (specific gravity .96) and stores the oil in tanks where it is held prior to being burned in an electric generating plant. The MTR segment of the facility has six 18-inch diameter pipelines running one mile from the dock-side manifold to several storage tanks which are located in the non-transportation-related portion of the facility. Although the facility piping has a normal working pressure of 100 pounds per square inch, the piping has a maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of 150 pounds per square inch. At MAWP, the pumping system can move 10,000 barrels (bbls) of Number 6 oil every hour through each pipeline. The facility has a roving watchman who is required to drive the length of the piping every 2 hours when the facility is receiving oil from a barge. The facility operator estimates that it will take approximately 10 minutes to secure pumping operations when a discharge is discovered. Using the definition of worst case discharge provided in Sec. 154.1029(b)(ii), the following calculation is provided: 2 hrs + 0.17 hour x 10,000 bbls per hour...................... 21,700Piping volume = 37,322 ft \3\ / 5.6 ft \3\/bbl................ +6,664
---------Discharge volume per pipe..................................... 28,364Number of pipelines........................................... x6
---------Worst case discharge from MTR facility........................ 170,184
To calculate the planning volumes for onshore recovery: Worst case discharge: 170,184 bbls. Group IV oilEmulsification factor (from Table 3): 1.4Operating Area impacted: InlandPlanned percent oil onshore recovery (from Table 2): Inland 70%Planning volumes for onshore recovery: Inland 170,184 x.7 x 1.4 = 166,780 bbls.
Conclusion: The facility owner or operator must contract with a response resource capable of managing a 166,780 barrel shoreline cleanup.
To calculate the planning volumes for on-water recovery: Worst case discharge: 170,184 bbls. Group IV oilEmulsification factor (from Table 3): 1.4Operating Area impacted: InlandPlanned percent oil on-water recovery (from Table 2): Inland 50%Planning volumes for on-water recovery: Inland 170,184x.5x1.4 = 119,128 bbls.
To determine the required resources for on-water recovery for each tier, use the mobilization factors from Table 4: ------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3------------------------------------------------------------------------Inland = 119,128 bbls........................ x .15 x .25 x .40
--------------------------Barrels per day (pbd)........................ 17,869 29,782 47,652------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conclusion: Since the requirements for all tiers for inland exceed the caps, the facility owner will only need to contract for 10,000 bpd for Tier 1, 20,000 bpd for Tier 2, and 40,000 bpd for Tier 3. Sources for the bpd on-water recovery resources above the caps for all three Tiers need only be identified in the response plan.
Twenty percent of the capability for Inland, for all tiers, must be capable of operating in water with a depth of 6 feet or less.
The facility owner or operator will also be required to identify or ensure, by contract or other approved means as described in Sec. 154.1028(a), sufficient response resources required under Secs. 154.1035(b)(4) and 154.1045(k) to protect fish and wildlife and sensitive environments identified in the response plan for the worst case discharge from the facility.
The COTP has the discretion to accept that a facility can operate only a limited number of the total pipelines at a dock at a time. In those circumstances, the worst case discharge must include the drainage volume from the piping normally not in use in addition to the drainage volume and volume of oil discharged during discovery and shut down of the oil discharge from the operating piping.
8. Determining the Capability of High-Rate Response Methods
8.1. Calculate cumulative dispersant application capacity as follows:
8.1.1 A facility owner or operator must plan either for a dispersant capacity to respond to a facility's worst case discharge (WCD) of oil, or for the amount of the dispersant resource cap as required by Sec. 154.1045(i)(3) of this chapter, whichever is the lesser amount. When planning for the cumulative application capacity required, the calculations must account for the loss of some oil to the environment due to natural dissipation causes (primarily evaporation). The following procedure must be used to determine the cumulative application requirements:
8.1.2 Determine the WCD volume of oil in gallons and the appropriate oil group for the type of petroleum oil (persistent Groups II, III, and IV). For facilities with mixed petroleum oils, assume a total WCD volume using the group that constitutes the largest portion of the oil being handled or the group with the smallest natural dissipation factor;
8.1.3 Multiply the total WCD amount in gallons by the natural dissipation factor for the appropriate oil group as follows: Group II factor is 0.50; Group III is 0.30; and Group IV is 0.10. This represents the amount of oil that can be expected to be lost to natural dissipation in a nearshore environment. Subtract the oil amount lost to natural dissipation from the total WCD amount to determine the remaining oil available for treatment by dispersant application; and
8.1.4 Multiply the oil available for dispersant treatment by the dispersant-to-oil planning application ratio of 1 part dispersant to 20 parts oil (0.05). The resulting number represents the cumulative total dispersant-application capability that must be ensured available within the first 60 hours.
8.1.5(i) The following is an example of the procedure described in paragraphs 8.1.1 through 8.1.4 above: A facility with a 1,000,000 gallon WCD of crude oil (specific gravity 0.87) is located in an area with pre-authorization for dispersant use in the nearshore environment on the U.S. East Coast:
WCD: 1,000,000 gallons, Group III oil.
Natural dissipation factor for Group III: 30 percent.
General formula to determine oil available for dispersant treatment: (WCD)-[(WCD) x (natural dissipation factor)] = available oil.
E.g., 1,000,000 gal-(1,000,000 gal x .30) = 700,000 gallons of available oil.
Cumulative application capacity = Available oil x planning application ratio (1 gal dispersant/20 gals oil = 0.05).
E.g., 700,000 gal oil x (0.05) = 35,000 gallons cumulative dispersant-application capacity.
(ii) The requirements for cumulative dispersant-application capacity (35,000 gallons) for this facility's WCD is less than the overall dispersant capability for non-Gulf Coast waters required by Sec. 155.1045(i)(3) of this chapter. Because paragraph 8.1.1 of this appendix requires owners and operators to ensure the availability of the lesser of a facility's dispersant requirements for WCD or the amount of the dispersant cap provided for in Sec. 154.1045(i)(3), the facility in this example would be required to ensure the availability of 35,000 gallons of dispersant. More specifically, this facility would be required to meet the following tier requirements in Sec. 154.1045(i)(3), which total 35,000 gallons application:
Tier 1--4,125 gallons--Completed in 12 hours.
Tier 2--23,375 gallons--Completed in 36 hours.
Tier 3--7,500 gallons--Completed in 60 hours.
8.2 Determine Effective Daily Application Capacities (EDACs) for dispersant response systems as follows:
8.2.1 EDAC planning estimates for compliance with the dispersant application requirements in Sec. 154.1045(i)(3) are to be based on:
8.2.1.1 The spill occurring at the facility;
8.2.1.2 Specific dispersant application platform operational characteristics identified in the Dispersant Mission Planner 2 or as demonstrated by operational tests;
8.2.1.3 Locations of primary dispersant staging sites; and
8.2.1.4 Locations and quantities of dispersant stockpiles.
8.2.2 EDAC calculations with supporting documentation must be submitted to the NSFCC for classification as a Dispersant Oil Spill Removal Organization.
8.2.3(i) EDAC can also be calculated using the Dispersant Mission Planner 2 (DMP2). The DMP2 is a downloadable application that calculates EDAC for different dispersant response systems. It is located on the Internet at: http://www.response.restoration.noaa.gov/spilltools.
(ii) The DMP2 contains operating information for the vast majority of dispersant application platforms, including aircraft, both rotary and fixed wing, and vessels. The DMP2 produces EDAC estimates by performing calculations based on performance parameters of dispersant application platforms, locations of primary dispersant staging sites, home-based airport or port locations, and the facility location (for the spill site).
8.2.4 For each Captain of the Port zone where a dispersant response capability is required, the response plan must identify:
8.2.4.1 The type, number, and location of each dispersant-application platform intended for use to meet dispersant delivery requirements specified in Sec. 154.1045(i)(3) of this chapter;
8.2.4.2 The amount and location of available dispersant stockpiles to support each platform; and,
8.2.4.3 A primary staging site for each platform that will serve as its base of operations for the duration of the response.
8.3 In addition to the equipment and supplies required, a facility owner or operator must identify a source of support to conduct the monitoring and post-use effectiveness evaluation required by applicable regional plans and ACPs.
8.4 Identification of the resources for dispersant application does not imply that the use of this technique will be authorized. Actual authorization for use during a spill response will be governed by the provisions of the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan (40 CFR part 300) and the applicable Local or Area Contingency Plan.
9. Additional Equipment Necessary To Sustain Response Operations
9.1 A facility owner or operator is responsible for ensuring that sufficient numbers of trained personnel and boats, aerial spotting aircraft, containment boom, sorbent materials, boom anchoring materials, and other supplies are available to sustain response operations to completion. All such equipment must be suitable for use with the primary equipment identified in the response plan. A facility owner or operator is not required to list these response resources, but shall certify their availability.
9.2 A facility owner or operator shall evaluate the availability of adequate temporary storage capacity to sustain the effective daily recovery capacities from equipment identified in the plan. Because of the inefficiencies of oil spill recovery devices, response plans must identify daily storage capacity equivalent to twice the effective daily recovery rate required on scene. This temporary storage capacity may be reduced if a facility owner or operator can demonstrate by waste stream analysis that the efficiencies of the oil recovery devices, ability to decant waste, or the availability of alternative temporary storage or disposal locations will reduce the overall volume of oily material storage requirement.
9.3 A facility owner or operator shall ensure that his or her planning includes the capability to arrange for disposal of recovered oil products. Specific disposal procedures will be addressed in the applicable ACP.
Table 1--Response Resource Operating Criteria Oil Recovery Devices----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Operating environment Significant wave height \1\ Sea State----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rivers and Canals............................ <=1 Foot............................................ 1Inland....................................... <=3 feet............................................ 2Great Lakes.................................. <=4 feet............................................ 2-3Ocean........................................ <=6 feet............................................ 3-4---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BOOM-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Use
-------------------------------------------------------
Boom property Rivers and
canals Inland Great Lakes Ocean----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Significant Wave Height \1\............................. <=1 <=3 <=4 <=6Sea State............................................... 1 2 2-3 3-4Boom height--in. (draft plus freeboard)................. 6-18 18-42 18-42 <=42Reserve Buoyancy to Weight Ratio........................ 2:1 2:1 2:1 3:1 to 4:1Total Tensile Strength--lbs............................. 4,500 15-20,000 15-20,000 <=20,000Skirt Fabric Tensile Strength--lbs...................... 200 300 300 500Skirt Fabric Tear Strength--lbs......................... 100 100 100 125----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\1\ Oil recovery devices and boom must be at least capable of operating in wave heights up to and including the
values listed in Table 1 for each operating environment.
Table 2--Removal Capacity Planning Table--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spill location Rivers and canals Nearshore/inland Great Lakes Offshore--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sustainability of on-water oil recovery 3 Days 4 Days 6 Days--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% % %
% Natural Recovered % Oil on % Natural Recovered % Oil on % Natural Recovered % Oil on
Oil group dissipation floating shore dissipation floating shore dissipation floating shore
oil oil oil--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 Non-persistent oils............................. 80 10 10 80 20 10 95 5 /2 Light crudes.................................... 40 15 45 50 50 30 75 25 53 Medium crudes and fuels......................... 20 15 65 30 50 50 60 40 204 Heavy crudes and fuels.......................... 5 20 75 10 50 70 50 40 30--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 3--Emulsification Factors for Petroleum Oil Groups------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------Non-Persistent Oil:
Group I........................................................ 1.0Persistent Oil:
Group II....................................................... 1.8
Group III...................................................... 2.0
Group IV....................................................... 1.4------------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 4--On Water Oil Recovery Resource Mobilization Factors------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier Tier Tier
Operating Area 1 2 3------------------------------------------------------------------------Rivers & Canals.................................... .30 .40 .60Inland/Nearshore/Great Lakes....................... .15 .25 .40Offshore........................................... .10 .165 .21------------------------------------------------------------------------Note: These mobilization factors are for total response resources
mobilized, not incremental response resources.
Table 5--Response Capability Caps by Operating Area----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------February 18, 1993:
All except rivers and 10K bbls/day............. 20K bbls/day............. 40K bbls/day/
canals, Great Lakes.
Great Lakes................ 5K bbls/day.............. 10K bbls/day............. 20K bbls/day.
Rivers and canals.......... 1,500 bbls/day........... 3,000 bbls/day........... 6,000 bbls/day.February 18, 1998:
All except rivers and 12.5K bbls/day........... 25K bbls/day............. 50K bbls/day.
canals, Great Lakes.
Great Lakes................ 6.25K bbls/day........... 12.3K bbls/day........... 25K bbls/day.
Rivers and canals.......... 1,875 bbls/day........... 3,750 bbls/day........... 7,500 bbls/day.February 18, 2003:
All except rivers & canals 12.5K bbls/day........... 25K bbls/day............. 50K bbls/day.
& Great Lakes.
Great Lakes................ 6.25K bbls/day........... 12.3K bbls/day........... 25K bbls/day.
Rivers & canals............ 1,875 bbls/day........... 3,750 bbls/day........... 7,500 bbls/day.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Note: The caps show cumulative overall effective daily recovery capacity, not incremental increases.TBD = To be determined. [CGD 91-036, 61 FR 7933, Feb. 29, 1996, as amended by CGD 96-026, 61 FR 33666, June 28, 1996; USCG-1999-5151, 64 FR 67175, Dec. 1, 1999; USCG-2000-7223, 65 FR 40058, June 29, 2000; USCG-2005-21531, 70 FR 36349, June 23, 2005; USCG-2001-8661, 74 FR 45025, Aug. 31, 2009; USCG-2010-0351, 75 FR 36284, June 25, 2010; USCG-2014-0410, 79 FR 38436, July 7, 2014]
Sec. Appendix D to Part 154--Training Elements for Oil Spill Response
Plans
1. General
1.1 The portion of the plan dealing with training is one of the key elements of a response plan. This concept is clearly expressed by the fact that Congress, in writing OPA 90, specifically included training as one of the sections required in a vessel or facility response plan. In reviewing submitted response plans, it has been noted that the plans often do not provide sufficient information in the training section of the plan for either the user or the reviewer of the plan. In some cases, plans simply state that the crew and others will be trained in their duties and responsibilities, with no other information being provided. In other plans, information is simply given that required parties will receive the necessary worker safety training (HAZWOPER).
1.2 The training section of the plan need not be a detailed course syllabus, but it must contain sufficient information to allow the user and reviewer (or evaluator) to have an understanding of those areas that are believed to be critical. Plans should identify key skill areas and the training that is required to ensure that the individual identified will be capable of performing the duties prescribed to them. It should also describe how the training will be delivered to the various personnel. Further, this section of the plan must work in harmony with those sections of the plan dealing with exercises, the spill management team, and the qualified individual.
1.3 The material in this appendix D is not all-inclusive and is provided for guidance only.
2. Elements To Be Addressed
2.1 To assist in the preparation of the training section of a facility response plan, some of the key elements that should be addressed are indicated in the following sections. Again, while it is not necessary that the comprehensive training program for the company be included in the response plan, it is necessary for the plan to convey the elements that define the program as appropriate.
2.2 An effective spill response training program should consider and address the following:
2.2.1 Notification requirements and procedures.
2.2.2 Communication system(s) used for the notifications.
2.2.3 Procedures to mitigate or prevent any discharge or a substantial threat of a discharge of oil resulting from failure of manifold, mechanical loading arm, or other transfer equipment or hoses, as appropriate;
2.2.3.1 Tank overfill;
2.2.3.2 Tank rupture;
2.2.3.3 Piping rupture;
2.2.3.4 Piping leak, both under pressure and not under pressure, if applicable;
2.2.3.5 Explosion or fire;
2.2.3.6 Equipment failure (e.g., pumping system failure, relief valve failure, or other general equipment relevant to operational activities associated with internal or external facility transfers).
2.2.4 Procedures for transferring responsibility for direction of response activities from facility personnel to the spill management team.
2.2.5 Familiarity with the operational capabilities of the contracted oil spill removal organizations and the procedures to notify the activate such organizations.
2.2.6 Familiarity with the contracting and ordering procedures to acquire oil spill removal organization resources.
2.2.7 Familiarity with the ACP(s).
2.2.8 Familiarity with the organizational structures that will be used to manage the response actions.
2.2.9 Responsibilities and duties of the spill management team members in accordance with designated job responsibilities.
2.2.10 Responsibilities and authority of the qualified individual as described in the facility response plan and company response organization.
2.2.11 Responsibilities of designated individuals to initiate a response and supervise response resources.
2.2.12 Actions to take, in accordance with designated job responsibilities, in the event of a transfer system leak, tank overflow, or suspected cargo tank or hull leak.
2.2.13 Information on the cargoes handled by the vessel or facility, including familiarity with--
2.2.13.1 Cargo material safety data sheets;
2.2.13.2 Chemical characteristic of the cargo;
2.2.13.3 Special handling procedures for the cargo;
2.2.13.4 Health and safety hazards associated with the cargo; and
2.2.13.5 Spill and firefighting procedures for cargo.
2.2.14 Occupational Safety and Health Administration requirements for worker health and safety (29 CFR 1910.120).
3. Further Considerations
In drafting the training section of the facility response plan, some further considerations are noted below (these points are raised simply as a reminder):
3.1 The training program should focus on training provided to facility personnel.
3.2 An organization is comprised of individuals, and a training program should be structured to recognize this fact by ensuring that training is tailored to the needs of the individuals involved in the program.
3.3 An owner or operator may identify equivalent work experience which fulfills specific training requirements.
3.4 The training program should include participation in periodic announced and unannounced exercises. This participation should approximate the actual roles and responsibilities of individual specified in the plan.
3.5 Training should be conducted periodically to reinforce the required knowledge and to ensure an adequate degree of preparedness by individuals with responsibilities under the facility response plan.
3.6 Training may be delivered via a number of different means; including classroom sessions, group discussions, video tapes, self-study workbooks, resident training courses, on-the-job training, or other means as deemed appropriate to ensure proper instruction.
3.7 New employees should complete the training program prior to being assigned job responsibilities which require participation in emergency response situations.
4. Conclusion
The information in this appendix is only intended to assist response plan preparers in reviewing the content of and in modifying the training section of their response plans. It may be more comprehensive than is needed for some facilities and not comprehensive enough for others. The Coast Guard expects that plan preparers have determined the training needs of their organizations created by the development of the response plans and the actions identified as necessary to increase the preparedness of the company and its personnel to respond to actual or threatened discharges of oil from their facilities. [CGD 91-036, 61 FR 7938, Feb. 29, 1996]