Note: For the requirements previously found in this section in Table 2--Technology-Based Standards By RCRA Waste Code, and Table 3--Technology-Based Standards for Specific Radioactive Hazardous Mixed Waste, refer to Sec. 268.40.
(a) The following wastes in the table in Sec. 268.40 ``Treatment Standards for Hazardous Wastes,'' for which standards are expressed as a treatment method rather than a concentration level, must be treated using the technology or technologies specified in the table entitled ``Technology Codes and Description of Technology-Based Standards'' in this section.
Table 1--Technology Codes and Description of Technology-Based Standards------------------------------------------------------------------------
Technology code Description of technology-based standards------------------------------------------------------------------------ADGAS: Venting of compressed gases into an absorbing or
reacting media (i.e., solid or liquid)--venting
can be accomplished through physical release
utilizing valves/piping; physical penetration
of the container; and/or penetration through
detonation.AMLGM: Amalgamation of liquid, elemental mercury
contaminated with radioactive materials
utilizing inorganic reagents such as copper,
zinc, nickel, gold, and sulfur that result in a
nonliquid, semi-solid amalgam and thereby
reducing potential emissions of elemental
mercury vapors to the air.BIODG: Biodegradation of organics or non-metallic
inorganics (i.e., degradable inorganics that
contain the elements of phosphorus, nitrogen,
and sulfur) in units operated under either
aerobic or anaerobic conditions such that a
surrogate compound or indicator parameter has
been substantially reduced in concentration in
the residuals (e.g., Total Organic Carbon can
often be used as an indicator parameter for the
biodegradation of many organic constituents
that cannot be directly analyzed in wastewater
residues).CARBN: Carbon adsorption (granulated or powdered) of
non-metallic inorganics, organo-metallics, and/
or organic constituents, operated such that a
surrogate compound or indicator parameter has
not undergone breakthrough (e.g., Total Organic
Carbon can often be used as an indicator
parameter for the adsorption of many organic
constituents that cannot be directly analyzed
in wastewater residues). Breakthrough occurs
when the carbon has become saturated with the
constituent (or indicator parameter) and
substantial change in adsorption rate
associated with that constituent occurs.CHOXD: Chemical or electrolytic oxidation utilizing the
following oxidation reagents (or waste
reagents) or combinations of reagents: (1)
Hypochlorite (e.g., bleach); (2) chlorine; (3)
chlorine dioxide; (4) ozone or UV (ultraviolet
light) assisted ozone; (5) peroxides; (6)
persulfates; (7) perchlorates; (8)
permangantes; and/or (9) other oxidizing
reagents of equivalent efficiency, performed in
units operated such that a surrogate compound
or indicator parameter has been substantially
reduced in concentration in the residuals
(e.g., Total Organic Carbon can often be used
as an indicator parameter for the oxidation of
many organic constituents that cannot be
directly analyzed in wastewater residues).
Chemical oxidation specifically includes what
is commonly referred to as alkaline
chlorination.CHRED: Chemical reduction utilizing the following
reducing reagents (or waste reagents) or
combinations of reagents: (1) Sulfur dioxide;
(2) sodium, potassium, or alkali salts or
sulfites, bisulfites, metabisulfites, and
polyethylene glycols (e.g., NaPEG and KPEG);
(3) sodium hydrosulfide; (4) ferrous salts; and/
or (5) other reducing reagents of equivalent
efficiency, performed in units operated such
that a surrogate compound or indicator
parameter has been substantially reduced in
concentration in the residuals (e.g., Total
Organic Halogens can often be used as an
indicator parameter for the reduction of many
halogenated organic constituents that cannot be
directly analyzed in wastewater residues).
Chemical reduction is commonly used for the
reduction of hexavalent chromium to the
trivalent state.CMBST: High temperature organic destruction
technologies, such as combustion in
incinerators, boilers, or industrial furnaces
operated in accordance with the applicable
requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart O, or
40 CFR part 265, subpart O, or 40 CFR part 266,
subpart H, and in other units operated in
accordance with applicable technical operating
requirements; and certain non-combustive
technologies, such as the Catalytic Extraction
Process.DEACT: Deactivation to remove the hazardous
characteristics of a waste due to its
ignitability, corrosivity, and/or reactivity.FSUBS: Fuel substitution in units operated in
accordance with applicable technical operating
requirements.HLVIT: Vitrification of high level mixed radioactive
wastes in units in compliance with all
applicable radioactive protection requirements
under control of the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission.IMERC: Incineration of wastes containing organics and
mercury in units operated in accordance with
the technical operating requirements of 40 CFR
part 264 subpart 0 and part 265 subpart 0. All
wastewater and nonwastewater residues derived
from this process must then comply with the
corresponding treatment standards per waste
code with consideration of any applicable
subcategories (e.g., High or Low Mercury
Subcategories).INCIN: Incineration in units operated in accordance
with the technical operating requirements of 40
CFR part 264 subpart 0 and part 265 subpart 0.LLEXT: Liquid-liquid extraction (often referred to as
solvent extraction) of organics from liquid
wastes into an immiscible solvent for which the
hazardous constituents have a greater solvent
affinity, resulting in an extract high in
organics that must undergo either incineration,
reuse as a fuel, or other recovery/reuse and a
raffinate (extracted liquid waste)
proportionately low in organics that must
undergo further treatment as specified in the
standard.
MACRO: Macroencapsulation with surface coating
materials such as polymeric organics (e.g.,
resins and plastics) or with a jacket of inert
inorganic materials to substantially reduce
surface exposure to potential leaching media.
Macroencapsulation specifically does not
include any material that would be classified
as a tank or container according to 40 CFR
260.10.NEUTR: Neutralization with the following reagents (or
waste reagents) or combinations of reagents:
(1) Acids; (2) bases; or (3) water (including
wastewaters) resulting in a pH greater than 2
but less than 12.5 as measured in the aqueous
residuals.NLDBR: No land disposal based on recycling.POLYM: Formation of complex high-molecular weight
solids through polymerization of monomers in
high-TOC D001 non-wastewaters which are
chemical components in the manufacture of
plastics.PRECP: Chemical precipitation of metals and other
inorganics as insoluble precipitates of oxides,
hydroxides, carbonates, sulfides, sulfates,
chlorides, fluorides, or phosphates. The
following reagents (or waste reagents) are
typically used alone or in combination: (1)
Lime (i.e., containing oxides and/or hydroxides
of calcium and/or magnesium; (2) caustic (i.e.,
sodium and/or potassium hydroxides; (3) soda
ash (i.e., sodium carbonate); (4) sodium
sulfide; (5) ferric sulfate or ferric chloride;
(6) alum; or (7) sodium sulfate. Additional
floculating, coagulation or similar reagents/
processes that enhance sludge dewatering
characteristics are not precluded from use.RBERY: Thermal recovery of Beryllium.RCGAS: Recovery/reuse of compressed gases including
techniques such as reprocessing of the gases
for reuse/resale; filtering/adsorption of
impurities; remixing for direct reuse or
resale; and use of the gas as a fuel source.RCORR: Recovery of acids or bases utilizing one or more
of the following recovery technologies: (1)
Distillation (i.e., thermal concentration); (2)
ion exchange; (3) resin or solid adsorption;
(4) reverse osmosis; and/or (5) incineration
for the recovery of acid--Note: this does not
preclude the use of other physical phase
separation or concentration techniques such as
decantation, filtration (including
ultrafiltration), and centrifugation, when used
in conjunction with the above listed recovery
technologies.RLEAD: Thermal recovery of lead in secondary lead
smelters.RMERC: Retorting or roasting in a thermal processing
unit capable of volatilizing mercury and
subsequently condensing the volatilized mercury
for recovery. The retorting or roasting unit
(or facility) must be subject to one or more of
the following: (a) a National Emissions
Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP)
for mercury; (b) a Best Available Control
Technology (BACT) or a Lowest Achievable
Emission Rate (LAER) standard for mercury
imposed pursuant to a Prevention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD) permit; or (c) a state
permit that establishes emission limitations
(within meaning of section 302 of the Clean Air
Act) for mercury. All wastewater and
nonwastewater residues derived from this
process must then comply with the corresponding
treatment standards per waste code with
consideration of any applicable subcategories
(e.g., High or Low Mercury Subcategories).RMETL: Recovery of metals or inorganics utilizing one
or more of the following direct physical/
removal technologies: (1) Ion exchange; (2)
resin or solid (i.e., zeolites) adsorption; (3)
reverse osmosis; (4) chelation/solvent
extraction; (5) freeze crystalization; (6)
ultrafiltration and/or (7) simple precipitation
(i.e., crystalization)--Note: This does not
preclude the use of other physical phase
separation or concentration techniques such as
decantation, filtration (including
ultrafiltration), and centrifugation, when used
in conjunction with the above listed recovery
technologies.RORGS: Recovery of organics utilizing one or more of
the following technologies: (1) Distillation;
(2) thin film evaporation; (3) steam stripping;
(4) carbon adsorption; (5) critical fluid
extraction; (6) liquid-liquid extraction; (7)
precipitation/crystalization (including freeze
crystallization); or (8) chemical phase
separation techniques (i.e., addition of acids,
bases, demulsifiers, or similar chemicals);--
Note: this does not preclude the use of other
physical phase separation techniques such as a
decantation, filtration (including
ultrafiltration), and centrifugation, when used
in conjunction with the above listed recovery
technologies.RTHRM: Thermal recovery of metals or inorganics from
nonwastewaters in units identified as
industrial furnaces according to 40 CFR 260.10
(1), (6), (7), (11), and (12) under the
definition of ``industrial furnaces''.RZINC: Resmelting in high temperature metal recovery
units for the purpose of recovery of zinc.STABL: Stabilization with the following reagents (or
waste reagents) or combinations of reagents:
(1) Portland cement; or (2) lime/pozzolans
(e.g., fly ash and cement kiln dust)--this does
not preclude the addition of reagents (e.g.,
iron salts, silicates, and clays) designed to
enhance the set/cure time and/or compressive
strength, or to overall reduce the leachability
of the metal or inorganic.SSTRP: Steam stripping of organics from liquid wastes
utilizing direct application of steam to the
wastes operated such that liquid and vapor flow
rates, as well as temperature and pressure
ranges, have been optimized, monitored, and
maintained. These operating parameters are
dependent upon the design parameters of the
unit, such as the number of separation stages
and the internal column design, thus, resulting
in a condensed extract high in organics that
must undergo either incineration, reuse as a
fuel, or other recovery/reuse and an extracted
wastewater that must undergo further treatment
as specified in the standard.VTD: Vacuum thermal desorption of low-level
radioactive hazardous mixed waste in units in
compliance with all applicable radioactive
protection requirements under control of the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission.WETOX: Wet air oxidation performed in units operated
such that a surrogate compound or indicator
parameter has been substantially reduced in
concentration in the residuals (e.g., Total
Organic Carbon can often be used as an
indicator parameter for the oxidation of many
organic constituents that cannot be directly
analyzed in wastewater residues).
WTRRX: Controlled reaction with water for highly
reactive inorganic or organic chemicals with
precautionary controls for protection of
workers from potential violent reactions as
well as precautionary controls for potential
emissions of toxic/ignitable levels of gases
released during the reaction.------------------------------------------------------------------------Note 1: When a combination of these technologies (i.e., a treatment
train) is specified as a single treatment standard, the order of
application is specified in Sec. 268.42, Table 2 by indicating the
five letter technology code that must be applied first, then the
designation ``fb.'' (an abbreviation for ``followed by''), then the
five letter technology code for the technology that must be applied
next, and so on.Note 2: When more than one technology (or treatment train) are specified
as alternative treatment standards, the five letter technology codes
(or the treatment trains) are separated by a semicolon (;) with the
last technology preceded by the word ``OR''. This indicates that any
one of these BDAT technologies or treatment trains can be used for
compliance with the standard.
(b) Any person may submit an application to the Administrator demonstrating that an alternative treatment method can achieve a measure of performance equivalent to that achieved by methods specified in paragraphs (a), (c), and (d) of this section for wastes or specified in Table 1 of Sec. 268.45 for hazardous debris. The applicant must submit information demonstrating that his treatment method is in compliance with federal, state, and local requirements and is protective of human health and the environment. On the basis of such information and any other available information, the Administrator may approve the use of the alternative treatment method if he finds that the alternative treatment method provides a measure of performance equivalent to that achieved by methods specified in paragraphs (a), (c), and (d) of this section for wastes or in Table 1 of Sec. 268.45 for hazardous debris. Any approval must be stated in writing and may contain such provisions and conditions as the Administrator deems appropriate. The person to whom such approval is issued must comply with all limitations contained in such a determination.
(c) As an alternative to the otherwise applicable subpart D treatment standards, lab packs are eligible for land disposal provided the following requirements are met:
(1) The lab packs comply with the applicable provisions of 40 CFR 264.316 and 40 CFR 265.316;
(2) The lab pack does not contain any of the wastes listed in Appendix IV to part 268;
(3) The lab packs are incinerated in accordance with the requirements of 40 CFR part 264, subpart O or 40 CFR part 265, subpart O; and
(4) Any incinerator residues from lab packs containing D004, D005, D006, D007, D008, D010, and D011 are treated in compliance with the applicable treatment standards specified for such wastes in subpart D of this part.
(d) Radioactive hazardous mixed wastes are subject to the treatment standards in Sec. 268.40. Where treatment standards are specified for radioactive mixed wastes in the Table of Treatment Standards, those treatment standards will govern. Where there is no specific treatment standard for radioactive mixed waste, the treatment standard for the hazardous waste (as designated by EPA waste code) applies. Hazardous debris containing radioactive waste is subject to the treatment standards specified in Sec. 268.45. [51 FR 40642, Nov. 7, 1986, as amended at 52 FR 25790, July 8, 1987; 55 FR 22692, June 1, 1990; 56 FR 3884, Jan. 31, 1991; 57 FR 8089, Mar. 6, 1992; 57 FR 37273, Aug. 18, 1992; 58 FR 29885, May 24, 1993; 59 FR 31552, June 20, 1994; 59 FR 48103, Sept. 19, 1994; 60 FR 302, Jan. 3, 1995; 61 FR 15654, Apr. 8, 1996; 62 FR 26025, May 12, 1997; 63 FR 28738, May 26, 1998; 71 FR 40278, July 14, 2006; 73 FR 27767, May 14, 2008]